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Beyond any uncertainties that remain despite these strong assertions medications bipolar discount 500 mg divalproex fast delivery, Na’aman leaves unanswered the critical question of why the King of Israel would want or need to medications bipolar cheap divalproex 500 mg fast delivery establish and maintain a religious site so far from the center of his power and relatively “off the beaten track treatment kidney cancer buy divalproex 500 mg free shipping. Imagery and Representation: Studies in the Art and Iconography of Ancient Palestine: Collected Articles medicine dispenser cheap divalproex 500 mg. The Many Faces of the Goddess: the Iconography of the Syro-Pal estinian Goddesses Anat, Astarte, Qedeshet, and Asherah c. Hebrew Inscriptions: Texts from the Biblical Period of the Monarchy with Concordance. Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period: Text book of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions. Religion in Eighth-Century Judah: the Case of Kuntillet Ajrud 399 Mandell, Alice. The House of the Father as Fact and Symbol: Patrimonialism in Ugarit and the Ancient Near East. The Materiality of Power: Explorations in the Social History of Early Isra elite Magic. The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Back ground and the Ugaritic Texts. You Shall Have No Other Gods: Israelite Religion in the Light of Hebrew Inscriptions. This question has been repeated countless times and is one of the most common ways nonspe cialists are introduced to female figurines in the Levant. But the cover of William Dever’s book really brings up two separate questions: “Did God have a wife,” and “is this her These miniature terracotta females are found in every population center throughout the country beginning in earnest during the eighth century and continuing until the Babylo nian destruction. While much has been made of the figurines, a century of scholarship has yet to reach any true consensus about their function or the figure that they represent. The molded faces contain staring almond-shaped eyes, eye brows, noses, and smiling mouths with closed lips. The headdress may vary but usually features anywhere from one to six rows of horizontally arranged curls, forming a short wig that covers the ears. There is some variation in molded styl ing, with examples that have more pointed eyes or thinner faces than others. Most frequently these are formed by pinching the clay with the thumb and fore finger, creating shallow eye impressions. These figurines are sometimes referred to as “bird faced” figurines owing to the “beak-like” nose generated by this pro duction style. Variations on the hand-pinched heads include those with applied turbans, side-locks, or caps. There are other important variations in body style, with some hollow and wheel-formed pil lars, especially in earlier specimens. Unfortunately, the white-wash and paint are poorly preserved on excavated fragments. White-wash would have covered the entire figurine, but paint is only present in some features. Where pre served, the most common color of paint is red, followed by black and yellow. Some examples were painted with more than one color, though poor-preservation makes it difficult to decide whether this was a regular practice. In a few instances, paint was used to trace facial features, like the hair or the eyes, but in most cases this is not apparent. Occasionally paint may also have been used to create a pec toral or aegis above the breasts. There is relatively little indication that paint was used to create a garment on the pillar bases, which may indicate that the figurines were naked rather than clothed; however, this question must remain unresolved due to the problems with preservation. Although some scholars take this as evidence that the figurines were bro ken intentionally, this is very difficult to prove archaeologically (McCowan 1947, 245; Nadelman 1989, 123. In fact, experiments with reconstructed figurines have shown that they break in ex actly their weakest points (Kletter 1996, 54–56). Fragments have also been found in construction fills, sub-floor filling, and walls. Because figurine fragments could easily be moved through reuse for other purposes, discard, abandonment, and nat ural processes, most fragments may not be located in the exact locations of the domestic structure where they were used. Thus, when interpreting the archaeolog ical deposition of figurine fragments, particularly in houses, it is very important to weigh the strength of the data—that is, whether the fragment was found on a floor or in a fill and whether the remains were affected by post-occupational pro cesses, like trash accumulation, flooding, and reconstruction after abandonment. Fragments uncovered in the earlier eras of excavation in the Levant cannot be relied upon to provide accurate information about the function of figurines in their archaeological contexts because these excavations rarely match modern standards in excavation, recording, and publishing. Fragments are also found outside of domestic space, such as extra-mural streets, public water systems, storage rooms, and graves. In the case of Arad, they 2 may also have been used in or around the sacred precinct. At Gibeon all the fig urines were uncovered in the site’s water system rather than in the domestic units, whether owing to domestic trash discarded in the water system or ritual function (Darby 2014, 243–44). Somewhat surprisingly, they rarely occur with items that would be identified with cultic activity, like chalices, offering stands, or incense alters. They are also very rare in “shrine” contexts, though this could be a side-effect of the small num ber of shrines excavated in Judah. They frequently appear in the same loci as zoomorphic figurines and occasionally occur in the same contexts as rattles or horse and rider figurines, though far less frequently. Again, it should be emphasized that household debris is often relocated after discard, which may suggest the final deposition of objects, even on floors, may not reflect actual use patterns. While this style group is the most dominant type of female figurine in southern Israel, other types of female pillar-based figurines are known as well, particularly versions with variations in the headdress. Other female styles are known from Philistia, northern Israel, Phoenicia, Cyprus, Syria, and the Transjordanian kingdoms, particularly Moab and Ammon (Press 2012; Ben-Shlomo 2010; Karageorghis 1991; Pru 2010; ‘Amr 1980; Daviau 2001; Kletter 1996, 54–56). Female pillar-based figurines from these other territories often use different production techniques for the body, such as wheel-formed bell-shaped bases or hollow hand-formed cylindrical bases, include different headdresses and hairstyles, and frequently feature other hand ges tures, such as holding drums, offerings, or with the hands out to the sides. Some of the most significant work on figurines involves not their identity, but the identification of a Judean style group. Most older figurine studies combine all types of figurines together, whether from Judah, Philistia, Phoenicia, Israel, Transjordan. Some might account for the phenomenon by assuming that the stylistic unity reflects the worship of one female deity, who, in Judean manufacture, apparently looked a particular way (Darby 2014, 38–39 and literature cited). The state involvement was perhaps as a resistance measure to fortify Judeans against encroaching Assyrian threats to Judean identity (Byrne 2004, 37–51; Wil son 2012, 259–78; cf. At the end of the day, many of these explanations are interesting, yet they lack any current archaeological proof that might confirm their likelihood. The figurines are kiln-fired and their stylistic coherence seems to suggest the work, not of dis parate individuals, but of a production industry. Petrographic testing has demonstrated that figurines are usually made from local clays and that they are rarely transported from one population center to another (Kletter 1999, 384; Peterson-Solimany and Kletter 2009, 116; Ben-Shlomo and Darby 2014, 180–204). Tested corpora have produced evidence of at least 2, if not 4, different clay vari eties at a site, perhaps with even more sub-varieties present. Many of these clay types were the same clays used for regular pot tery vessels, perhaps suggesting that the same manufacturers made different types of clay objects, like pottery and figurines. This hypothesis is further supported by ethnographic and archaeological comparanda, as well ancient Near Eastern texts (Darby 2014, 190–95 with sources). Although the figurines have been discussed for over a century, scholarship is still divided about their identity and function. This school focuses on trying to identify which goddess the figurines might represent, and Asherah is by far the most frequent suggestion (Darby 2014, 34–46; Kletter 1996, 10–26). It should be noted, however, that there 406 Erin Darby are no clear attributes of any known goddess depicted on the figurines, and none are inscribed with any identifying text. Second, because scholars often assume that the locations where figurines are found were used for cultic activity, it would stand to reason that these activities were occurring outside the confines of orthodox religious space and personnel in the temple. Third, because most scholars have connected the figurines with fertil ity, these same interpreters have sometimes argued that a fertility religion would have been abhorrent to Yahwism (Darby 2014, 46–54). In some cases, this is considered a corollary to the goddess interpretation under the assumption that goddesses might be disproportionately attractive to female wor shippers.
For the model of each analysis treatment interventions purchase 250 mg divalproex visa, it is assumed that the bending axes of flexures d and e both pass through the same point symptoms iron deficiency buy generic divalproex 500 mg line. Universal flexure created by serially connecting two flexures [2] Analysis Two-Dimensional Analysis the first analysis performed was a two-dimensional analysis in which the plane that was analyzed was that which is formed by two opposing legs in the undeflected configuration treatment yeast infection order divalproex on line. The active flexures for the planar analysis of legs 1 and 3 are shown in Figure 4 medicine 6 year in us purchase divalproex. It can be seen that legs 2 and 4 together form a single middle leg that has one flexure. Additionally, to account for the change in length of legs 2 and 4 projected onto the plane due to the out of plane motion, the middle leg is of variable length. Joints and links for planar analysis the three spring stiffnesses will be determined as follows: 1. Using static balancing equations find the required lunar weight of the module such that the combination of the weight of the vehicle and the resistance to bending in the springs will put the module in static equilibrium. Use forward divided differences with steps 4 and 5 to estimate the gradient of average required weight with respect to the stiffness of each spring. Use steepest descent to find the set of stiffnesses (d, e, f) that minimizes the difference between the calculated average required weight and the known lunar weight of the module using the estimate of the gradient from step 6 for each iteration. This planar mechanism has seven bodies (including the ground) and eight revolute joints resulting in two degrees of freedom. Addition of the variable length of the middle leg gives a total of three degrees of freedom. Because the mechanism has three degrees of freedom, three choices regarding its configuration must be made. The first choice, which should be the most obvious, is that the module be level with respect to the local gravity field. The second choice is the length on the adjustable leg which will account for any ground slope going into the page. Lastly, the angle of flexure d on the uphill leg is assumed to be constant at an angle of 180 deg. This assumption remains valid for any configuration that would otherwise try to extend the angle beyond 180 deg if the leg is designed with a mechanical stop preventing a greater angle. Configuration of leveled module Three-Dimensional Analysis the second analysis performed was a three-dimensional analysis. This analysis looks at the mechanism as a whole instead of just a projected plane while also providing a slightly different approach to finding the optimized spring stiffnesses. For a given ground slope and twist angle find the mechanism configuration as described below. For a given set of spring stiffnesses there exists one unique solution of required weight that will hold the module in static equilibrium at the desired level configuration. Use forward divided differences with step 3 to calculate the gradient of required weight with respect to the stiffness of each spring. While there exists a unique solution of required weight for a set of spring constants, for the inverse problem when given the required weight there exists a plane of solutions for the set of spring stiffnesses. The calculated gradient is the normal vector to all of the planes of solutions for any given required weight. Calculate the point that is closest to the initial guess of spring constants and on the plane of solutions when the required weight is equated to the given weight of the module. Using the point found in step 5 and the normal vector, calculate the equation of the plane. Because of symmetry any twist angle can be modeled by a twist angle between 0 deg and 45 deg. Using linear least squares, find the point that minimizes the L -norm of the vector of the distance between this point and each plane found in step 8. This spatial mechanism has ten bodies (including the ground), four spherical joints, four universal joints, and four revolute joints. This gives six degrees of freedom, which means that the module itself can be positioned and oriented in any manner within its workspace. Similar to the planar analysis, it is first necessary to find the angles of each joint to then find the optimum spring stiffnesses. This reduces the degrees of freedom by two because the module must be level about two orthogonal horizontal axes. The third choice of configuration is that the module is at some assumed height which is below its undeflected height on a level surface. Essentially this is saying that on a level surface, the weight of the module would cause some sort of deflection in the joints and would sink by some amount. This analysis assumes that the height of the module will be at 90% of its undeflected height. After these two constraints on orientation and one constraint on position, three degrees of freedom still remain. It is assumed that the preferred leveled equilibrium configuration of the module will be one which 2 minimizes the deflections in the flexures, where here minimization is defined as minimization of the L norm of the vector of the twelve flexure deflections. Using the Matlab fmincon function, these remaining degrees of freedom, two of which are position in the horizontal plane and the third is the rotation in the horizontal plane, can be found which minimize the deflections. Results and Conclusions For both the two-dimensional and 3-dimensional analysis, the flexure has the dimensions as depicted in Figure 6. The stiffness for flexure can be approximated in terms of its geometric dimensions as follows: 5/2 2Ebt k 1/2 (1) 9 R Two-Dimensional Analysis the optimum spring stiffnesses as determined by the first analysis were found to be: 3 kd 3. Flexure dimensions [2] Three-Dimensional Analysis the optimum spring stiffnesses as determined by the second analysis were found to be: kd 1. Comparing the results of the two analyses it is seen that the optimum stiffness as found by the two dimensional analysis is only about one-fourth as that obtained from the three-dimensional analysis. This discrepancy is likely due to the different assumptions of the two analyses, specifically the length of the adjustable leg and the fixed angle of the uphill leg in the two-dimensional analysis. Additionally, because of the assumption that the bending axes of flexures d and e pass through the same point, it follows that the flexure radius R must be small because the flexures are actually serially connected. Because of this, the three-dimensional analysis might prove more accurate because of this much smaller dimension. These include calculating and minimizing the stresses in the flexures and taking into account the change in module weight once the payload has been unloaded. Additionally, minimizing the effect of single-leg disturbances, such as one leg landing on a boulder or in a small crater or being displaced by landing impact, would increase the robustness. Also, for more insight into the actual bending mechanics, a finite-element analysis might prove more accurate than the linear spring approximation. Lastly, looking at different flexure shapes, as described in [3], might provide a better flexure system. The mechanism is built as a parallelogram arrangement of flexible hinges, actuated by a voice coil. In the revised version of the shutter, it was possible to manufacture the complex geometry by micro-milling and an adjacent pickling procedure. For the spectrometric data acquisition, a calibration signal that contains information about the instrument background radiation is required. Therefore, a mechanical shutter is required to block the optical path from the planet view of the instrument. Frequency 10 Hz Duty cycle 1:10 6 Lifetime test 100 x 10 cycles Fail safe position Shutter-blade in open position Aperture 1. An important criterion was that the majority of possible failures shall lead to a defined fail safe position. Flexible hinges that enable frictionless, linear guiding were selected to achieve the demanding lifetime requirements. The shutter consists of a parallelogram assembly with two flexible hinges that enables a nearly linear 1. A number of dramatic failures of flexible hinges systems during vibration test have been reported. Furthermore, a sufficient stability against transverse loads has to be guaranteed. Two measures have been taken in order to prevent damage during vibration tests or during satellite launch: a snubber that acts as a mechanical limiter against unwanted high displacements of the rocker, reduction of the moving mass to the smallest possible amount in order to limit the kinetic energy of the rocker. The combination of high fatigue strength and low density made titanium Ti6Al4V the material of choice. The dominant design driver for the hardware realization was the manufacturability of the 80-m-thick titanium hinges with a reproducible quality. Basically, there are two possible ways for the implementation: A setup where separate components and materials like hinges, shutter-blade and support structure are assembled together.
Corticosteroids have been shown to 6 mp treatment buy cheap divalproex 500mg on-line reduce the frequency and severity of the relapses but in refractory cases more potent immunosuppressive agents are required treatment toenail fungus buy divalproex 500 mg amex. Pulmonary involvement with respiratory compromise calls for stenting of the airways treatment 21 hydroxylase deficiency buy 250 mg divalproex with amex, among other measures treatment laryngitis divalproex 250 mg discount, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Histopathologic Features Early microscopic changes include decreased basophilia of involved cartilage, degeneration of marginal chondrocytes (cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis) and perichondrial inflammation. The latter is characterized by a neutrophilic infiltrate in the acute stage and lymphohistiocytic inflammation later. In the course of time the cartilaginous matrix is altered and ultimately replaced by fibrous tissue with or without calcification and/or metaplastic bone formation. She mentions multiple paternal family members have similar skin lesions, but reports no personal or family history of cancer. Tuberous sclerosis complex is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by hamartomas in multiple organ systems, including the brain, skin (angiofibromas), heart, kidneys, and lung. Renal angiomyolipomas and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis are characteristic of tuberous sclerosis. Cowden syndrome is classified as a hamartomatous polyposis syndrome, however a wide variety of other polyp histologic findings have been described. Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is characterized by a risk for developing spontaneous pneumothorax and renal cell carcinoma. There is an increased risk of transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis in Muir-Torre syndrome. Multiple firm papules begin developing after age 25 years, and are typically distributed on the 104 face, neck, and trunk. Patients also develop multiple lung cysts, which results in the increased risk for spontaneous pneumothorax throughout adulthood. Histopathologic Features • Perifollicular fibroma is characterized by a concentric ‘onion skin’ proliferation of fibrous tissue surrounding an otherwise normal hair follicle. The fibrous lesion is accentuated by clefting from the adjacent connective tissue. This patient had 3 biopsies with variable features: one consistent with perifollicular fibroma, one consistent with fibrofolliculoma, and one consistent with trichodiscoma. Some now consider perifollicular fibroma on the spectrum of fibrofolliculoma / trichodiscoma, as all are hamartomas composed of perifollicular connective tissue and a hair follicular epithelial component. Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: a review of the literature and the differential diagnosis of firm facial papules. Lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and genetic associations in 89 families with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma and fibrous papule (perifollicular fibroma/angiofibroma): a revaluation of the histopathological and immunohistochemical features. Question Additional pathognomonic criteria to confirm the patient’s diagnosis include: A. Lipomas are one minor criterion; 4 minor criteria are needed for a diagnosis of Cowden syndrome. Fibromas with giant cells (so-called Cowden’s fibroma) may be suggestive of Cowden syndrome, but fibromas are only one minor criterion in making the diagnosis. Oral mucosal papillomatosis + acral keratoses and/or facial papules is pathognomonic of Cowden syndrome. In Cowden syndrome, the cumulative lifetime risk for breast cancer is 81% for women. Lhermitte-Duclos disease is pathognomonic of Cowden syndrome, with a cumulative lifetime risk of 32%. In Cowden syndrome, the cumulative lifetime risk for endometrial cancer is 19% for women. Diagnostic criteria for Cowden syndrome include: Pathognomonic: • Lhermitte-Duclos disease (dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma. Histopathologic Features • Well-circumscribed polypoid dermal fibrous proliferation with epidermal collarette. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characterization of the so-called giant multinucleate cells in cutaneous collagenomas. Sclerotic fibroma like change in various neoplastic and inflammatory skin lesions: is sclerotic fibroma a distinct entity Primary syphilis usually shows a painless erosion or ulcer on the glans penis and unilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Candidiasis balanitis shows diffuse erythema of the mucosa of glans penis, sometimes with some scattered pustule. Genital herpes simplex shows grouped vesicles that rapidly erode resulting in painful erosions. Fix drug erythema usually shows a well demarcated area of violaceous erythema, which may evolve to bullous or eroded lesions, but no lymphadenopathy is present. Superficial perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells and swelling of endothelial cells – Incorrect. Superficial perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells and more granulomatous infiltrate, composed of epithelioid histiocytes, in deep dermis – Correct. These are the histopathologic features usually seen in early lesions of lymphogranuloma venereum. Neutrophilic spongiosis of the epithelium and mild perivascular superficial lymphocytic infiltrate – Incorrect. Keratinocytes with peripheral clumping of chromatin and homogeneous ground glass appearance and ballooning of the nucleus – Incorrect. Vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer with scattered necrotic keratinocytes and sparse lymphocytes intermingled with melanophages in superficial dermis – Incorrect. Histopathologic Features • Dense infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells involving the full thickness of the dermis. In this condition, mucin is present within follicular epithelium and not within the deep dermis, as it is in this case. This condition is characterized by a discrete zone of the superficial dermis containing abundant mucin material rather than an interstitial array of mucin, as is present in this case. This condition is characterized by a perivascular and periadnexal lymphocytic infiltrate along with an increase in interstitial mucin. This biopsy shows the typical histopathology of this entity, including increase in dermal mucin, thickening of the dermis, and no significant increase in dermal cellularity. Clinical Features Scleredema typically causes non-pitting induration and hardening of the skin with sites of predilection including the upper trunk (particularly the neck) and the face. Approximately half of the reported cases have occurred in children, although it can present at any age. It can present abruptly often following an infectious process with resolution after the infection (which is typical of the pediatric presentation) or more slowly with a prolonged course. It can also be seen in patients with diabetes mellitus (which is more typical of the adult presentation). There are reports of a few cases that were associated with an IgG paraproteinemia. Rarely, it can be systemic, manifesting as serosal effusions and parotid gland 110 involvement, among other systems involved. Histopathologic Features • Thickening of the reticular dermis by swollen collagen fibers. Report of three cases with histochemical study and review of the world literature. Question 19 Based on the clinical and histologic features, the most likely diagnosis is: A. Eosinophilic folliculitis is characterized by a dense infiltrate of eosinophils involving follicles. This degree of mucin accumulation is not typical of Demodex folliculitis, and no Demodex were detected in the sections examined. In a child with a solitary lesion of the head and neck region, the features in this slide are best interpreted as representing follicular mucinosis.
Taking into account the different medical properties of ozone: Improvement of the oxygen transportation to walmart 9 medications 500mg divalproex with visa tissue medications mobic best buy for divalproex, activation of the enzymes participating in peroxide or oxygen radical scavenging symptoms 2 weeks after conception divalproex 500mg low price, immunological and metabolic modulator treatment 4 syphilis purchase generic divalproex from india, as well as to be a therapy ease to apply, we decided to use ozone therapy in others ophthalmologic diseases. In patients with: Retinitis Pigmentosa, 75 % improved their visual acuity (post-treatment and 6 months later). According to visual field, 76 % of patients improved it after treatment and up to 9 months, but after 1 year, 16 % lost their improvement. Progressive myopia, the visual acuity increased in 78 % (post-treatment and 9 months later) and remained 58 % after 1 year. Glaucoma, 65 % increased the visual acuity (post-treatment and 9 months later), maintaining 53 % of improvement after 1 year. Diabetic retinopathy, 60 % improved their visual acuity (post-treatment), diminishing to 40 %, 6 months later and 20 %, after 1 year. Optic atrophy, 45 % of improvement in visual field was achieved (post-treatment) maintaining its figure after 1 year. It is concluded that ozone therapy offers very good results in this opthalmologic diseases, without side effects, being necessary to repeat the treatment in dependence of the disease and the patient evolutions. Primary glaucoma of open angle is a disease that can invalidate man in different stages of his physical labor and intellectual life. Several studies in various countries, placed it among the world three primary causes of visual blindness invalidity. Studies carried out by Health World Organization in 1992 reported it as the second cause of blindness in Latin America and the first in the Caribbean area. It is a kind of multifactorial disease for which does not exist a unique solution. Therefore, this element has to be taken into account at the time of a medical therapeutic. Ocular hemodynamic changes are an important factor which play a fundamental role in the raise and development of a glaucoma process. The nervous system participation is another aspect to be considered in this disease. During the first decades of this century a link between the ocular tone and vegetative nervous system has been established. Beside this, rehabilitation treatment with relaxation techniques under sanatorial regimen had been introduced and thereby various factors had contributed to improve its treatment. Visual function and ocular hydrodynamic had been studied in those patients, which were treated with ozone or ozone with magnetic field. Two subgroups had been created: one of then received local medical treatment with Timolol and the other without local treatment. Improvement in the visual functions as well as in ocular hydrodynamic were achieved. Ozone concentration and doses are used according to the biochemical status of each patient. Good results were achieved in all etiologies studied, except Leber optic atrophy, where no improvement was observed, neither objective nor subjective. Since February 1996, 120 patients with keratitis were treated in the Retinitis Pigmentosa Center of Camaguey, Cuba. At the present, this disease has a long course and the conventional treatment is very expensive, mostly because of the medications it requires. The ozone treatment was rectal application and subconjunctival way, combining both. After the first week, all the patients treated with ozone started to show signs of improvement and they were totally cured after 3 weeks, while in the control group, the evolution had a long course, more than 6 months. We concluded that ozone therapy brings very positive results in the treatment of this disease. Thirty adult patients with the diagnosis of amblyopia by anisometropia were studied. Ozone therapy was used, associated to the usual treatment of visual exercises and macular stimulation. The use of ozone associated to traditional methods produced a better and more effective response in the recovery of the patient visual acuity, as well as shortening the treatment. Twenty five patients were examined through clinic biometry, in order to confirm the absence of other complications of diabetes. The inclusion criteria were: patients between 40 and 60 years old, males and females who suffered loss of visual acuity produced by retinal changes due to diabetic retinopathy. Patients were treated with ozone, by rectal insufflation, at concentration between 35-40 mg/L and 200 mL, one daily, for 15 sessions. An ophthalmologic evaluation (visual acuity, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, retinophoto and fluorescein angiography) of the patients was performed at the beginning and at the end of every cycle of ozone therapy. In 72 % of the patients a visual improvement was achieved, with a slow disappearance of microaneurysm, intraretinal hemorrhages, hard exudates, microhemorrhages and retinal edema. No visual improvement was observed in the rest of the patients (28 %) during 2 years of follow-up. On the basis of the stimulant effect of medical ozone in the processes of oxygen metabolization and blood circulation we can recommend this therapy for the treatment of patients suffering of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Patients were diagnosed through a complete ophthalmologic examination and fluorescent angiography. Ozone was applied by major autohemotherapy (at an ozone concentration of 40 mg/L and 100 mL) and by rectal application (at an ozone concentration of 40 mg/L and 200 mL), during 20 sessions. The results demonstrated an improvement (with an average of 2 tenths-visions) of their visual acuity in 80 % of the patients treated with ozone. Gregorio Martinez-Sanchez;1 Livan Delgado Roche;2 Arquimides Diaz-Batista;3 Gema Perez-Davison;1 Lamberto Re,1,4 1. Centro de Estudios para las Investigaciones y Evaluaciones Biologicas, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 222 y Ave 27A No. A parallel group (n=26) age and gender matched was used as reference for the experimental variables. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by comparing haemostatic indexes and biochemical markers of oxidative stress in both groups after 20 days of treatment. Antiatherogenic Effects of Ozone Therapy in an Experimental Model of Atherosclerosis. It is known that reactive oxygen species may oxidize low-density lipoproteins which are internalized by macrophages with the subsequent foam cells formation. On the other hand, ozone at low doses has been satisfactory used in the control of oxidative stress-associated pathologies, such as coronary artery diseases. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of ozone therapy on redox biomarkers in an experimental model of atherosclerosis. Ozone (1 mg), mixed with oxygen as passive carrier, was administered to New Zealand White rabbits by rectal insufflation during 15 sessions. After ozone treatment, 2 mL/kg of Lipofundin were intravenously administered during 8 consecutive days; then, rabbits were euthanized. The aortas arches were then remove and eosin/hematoxylin staining was used for histopathological analysis. The biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid profile in serum were determined by spectrophotometric techniques. The results demonstrated that ozone had inhibitory effects on aortic lesions formation. The serum lipids profiles were no modified after only one cycle of ozone treatment. These results reinforced the hypotheses of some antioxidant effects induced by ozone in the context of atherosclerosis demonstrating the antiatherogenic properties of the gas at the experimental condition of this study. Ozone/oxygen mixtures were administered in intraveous drops infusions and rectal insufflations. Positive results were received in 76 patients (of 80 patients with stable stenocardia -95 %) that were on ozone therapy. Attacks of stenocardial pains were completely controlled in 46 out of 80 patients (58%) with stable stenocardia.
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