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They must also be able to administering medications 7th edition 1mg tolterodine visa demonstrate that they are competent to treatment action group order generic tolterodine on line work with the particular kind of client symptoms vs signs generic tolterodine 2mg with amex. They must also be competent enough to medicine 666 colds buy generic tolterodine 2mg recognize different diagnostic categories and their associated behavioral symptoms, to make the diagnosis if it has not already been made and, if allowed to do so by law, to treat the speci c brain wave abnormalities associated with different diagnostic categories. Also, depending on state law, a neurofeedback practitioner may have to be licensed in a speci c health care profession, or be supervised by someone who is. Delegate to supervisees only those responsibilities that they are competent to perform. Be sure the treatments that you recommend and/or provide are appropriate for the client in terms of ef cacy and cost. All neurofeedback practitioners are responsible for their own actions and those whom they supervise (Striefel, 1995a, 1999a, 2006a; Zuckerman, 2003). When and if appropriate, help clients access needed services from other providers. The less supported the treatment approach used, the better your records should be in terms of detail. Obtain a signed release of information before releasing con dential information in all non-emergency situations. Practitioners should review this list and add to it in light of their own training and experience. Some of them may well be covered in some detail in other chapters but in fairness to readers, some guidance will 490 Ethics in neurofeedback practice be provided on four topics deemed important enough to warrant further study. Quantitative electroencephalography patterns associated with medical con ditions. Template for developing guidelines for the evaluation of the clinical ef cacy of psychophysiological interven tions. Electro encephalographic biofeedback in the treatment of attention-de cit/hyperactive disorder. The role of aspirational ethics and licensing laws in the practice of neurofeedback. The neurophysiology of dyslexia: A selective review with implications for neurofeedback remediation and results of treatment in twelve consecutive cases. Gray, on icker stimulation, 196 simpli cation of, 109–110 Wandering nerve, 391 standardization of, 110 Whirling spiral, 196 Z-score normative database, 113, 115 Wicket rhythm. It can be seen that only the right hemisphere has statistically signi cant Z values. Note the signi cant increase in hyper-coherence in the right hemisphere (see Figure 5. Note the damage in the temporal area at T5 re ected in abnormal absolute power Z-scores, and the signi cant deviation in connectivity measures (see Figure 5. Both systems are based on photon detec tion, making them immune to electrical signal artifacts. The computer injects the color to make it easier for human interpretation of the image. This image is of a 16-year-old male with severe concentration problems and severe word nding problems (see Figure 7. Research on temperature changes of the pinna has not con rmed its meaning, although the general consensus is that it is probably related to language activity (Schiffer, 1998) (see Figure 7. The upper and right panels are examples of the location of Z-score deviations from normal, which were con ned to the right parietal and right central regions and are consistent with the location of impact (see Figure 11. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. The maps were to use a key of symbols for rocks, rivers, hills, and trees (which were to be copied onto a parchment card and kept handy at all times), and the notes were to pay special attention to any commodities the country had to offer. Finally, Bavin was instructed to ‘draw the gures and shapes of men and women in their apparel as also their manner. This would require him to get close enough to the natives to study their social structure, religious customs, and relations with friends 17 william h. Bavin’s party and any notes they may have produced were lost at sea on the return voyage. Indeed, the English did not have a gure to set alongside Columbus in the national imagination until 1580, when Francis Drake returned from his three-year voyage around the world. In the wake of Drake’s voyage a wide range of texts and images were produced to celebrate his achievements: they display a new sense that the English could play a role in the apprehension of the wider world – and of the globe itself. Perhaps the simplest and most potent image of Drake’s global mastery was published by Geoffrey Whitney in 1586. The accompanying text asks ‘youthat live at home’ to ‘give praise to them that pass the waves’ – above all to Drake who, like Jason, had braved the stormy seas to bring back the Golden Fleece. This belatedness accounts for several features in the pattern of early English expansionism. In more practical terms, it accounts for the 18 Stirrings and searchings (1500–1720) tendency of English explorers to search for a northern rather than southern passage to the East, and it goes some way toward explaining why piracy oc cupied such a prominent position (alongside plantation and trade) in English overseas enterprise. The earliest collection of voyages in English was Richard Eden’s the Decades of the New World (1555), which was based on the history of Columbus and his successors by Pietro Martire d’Anghiera (or Peter Martyr). Eden’s collection was reprinted by Richard Willes in 1577, featuring new translations of trav els to India, China, and Japan, along with preliminary accounts of English exploration in Persia and the Arctic. In the coming decades, as English trav ellers came into their own, English accounts would be translated into Latin, French, German, and Dutch. The rst book Hakluyt had a hand in was John Florio’s translation of Jacques Cartier’s Short and Brief Narration of. In his second edition, published in three volumes between 1598 and 1600,he more than doubled the number of voyages and pages. As travellers made contact with new regions and peoples, authors and edi tors put the world on paper for the new print marketplace at home: the num ber of new titles published (and old titles reprinted) during the early modern period suggests that there was a signi cant audience for travel writing, eager to hear news of the wider world and to re ect on England’s place in it. Long-distance journeys within England were slow and dangerous (as well as subject to statutes against vagrancy), and a trip to any country except Scotland or Wales required a voyage by ship (and the patronage of powerful institutions or individuals). Nonetheless, at the precise moment of Platter’s visit, Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations testi ed to the dramatic expansion of England’s geographical horizons. Table 1 also provides a clear measure of the impact of the nascent colonies in the Americas on the focus and pace of English travel writing: from 1580 to 1650 a staggering number of new texts were published about Virginia alone. The most important of Coryate’s peers included William Lithgow (whose Most Delectable and True Discourse [1614] described his travels from Scotland ‘to the most famous kingdoms in Europe, Asia, and Africa’), George Sandys (whose Relation [1615] of his journey to the Holy Land formed an encyclopaedic guide to the East, past and present), and Fynes Moryson (whose massive An Itinerary [1617] through Europe and the British Isles 20 Stirrings and searchings (1500–1720) Table 1: English travel books by region 1500–1700 (with date of earliest publication) Primary region of travel Written in English Translated into English Collections 9 (1582) 4 (1553) Circumnavigations 5 (1598) 2 (1555) Western Europe 59 (1522) 19 (1549) Northern Europe 1 (1694) 8 (1561) Eastern Europe 9 (1591) 4 (1672) East Indies 25 (1603) 19 (1576) West Indies 24 (1569) 7 (1577) Central Asia 4 (1601) 5 (1590) Far East 2 (c. Further more, Cox’s numbers are lower than other lists because he does not include reprints and only rarely lists individual works within larger collections. Source: Edward Godfrey Cox, A Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel has never been published in full). The last decade has seen a renewed appreciation of early modern interest in the East – and of the differences between cultural encounters in the Orient, in sub-Saharan Africa, and in the Americas. The story is not quite so neat, and to do justice to the full range of travel writing produced in early modern England 21 william h. IwouldbyGod’sassistance prosecute that knowledge and kind of literature, the doors whereof (after a sort) were so happily opened before me. Ramusio’s Navigationi et viaggi was published between 1550 and 1559, and offered readers of Italian a compendium of new European discoveries in the light of classical geography. Second, he insisted on the value of raw documents like itineraries and logs and included them alongside more polished narratives – keeping his editorial intervention, in both cases, to a minimum. And third, he tackled the challenge of organising a wide-ranging body of material by breaking it down into three sections according to what he called ‘the double order of time and place’ – which involved a general movement from the regions rst explored to those 22 Stirrings and searchings (1500–1720) 1. Later collections would not match the scope and length of Hakluyt and Purchas, but editorial ambitions picked up again at the end of the seven teenth century: between 1694 and 1732 at least seven major new antholo gies of travel writing appeared. Awnsham and John Churchill’s Collection of Voyages and Travels (1704) included a preface (often attributed to John Locke) entitled ‘The Whole History of Navigation from its Original to this Time’ as well as a bibliographical survey ‘of most books of voyages and trav els’: travel writing had reached the point where it could not only be collected but catalogued. In England, Sir Richard Torkyngton’s expedition to Jerusalem in 1517 is traditionally identi ed as the last of the proper pil grimages; but Henry Timberlake’s True and Strange Discourse of the Travels of Two English Pilgrims was rst printed in 1603 and went through nine more editions before 1700. Furthermore, as the title of Purchas’s work sug gests, the language of the pilgrimage persisted long after the practice began to wane: in the early modern period it not only provided a model for re ligious travellers but helped to accommodate the worldly goals of secular travellers. Errant knights the chivalric quest was the other major paradigm inherited from medi eval travel writers, and it sometimes overlapped with the spiritual quest of the pilgrims. But Elizabethan travel writing – like court culture more generally – was permeated by chivalric language and ideals. William Goodyear’s transla tion of Jean de Cartigny’s allegorical Voyage of the Wandering Knight (1581) was turned into a tribute to Sir Francis Drake, and Sir Walter Ralegh’s travels in Virginia and Guiana cast him as a secular knight on a golden quest for the sake of his Queen – and if these transformations seem fanciful, it is worth remembering that both men earned their knighthoods with their voyages. The earliest travel publications on the Continent had been collections of letters and relations written by mer chants, and in the Principal Navigations Hakluyt placed a heavy emphasis on mercantile travel.
Whenever an inferential statistical test concludes that no significant difference exists medicine woman purchase tolterodine overnight, it is customary to symptoms zinc deficiency order tolterodine with paypal perform a "power calculation" which approximates the probability that the conclusion of "no significant difference" is correct medications containing sulfa buy tolterodine amex. A large sample size has greater statistical power adding to treatment breast cancer buy tolterodine 2mg with amex the strength of the conclusion that no significant difference exists. This is a rather complex subject, but suffice it to say that it requires several assumptions. So to estimate a sample size before a study is done, we must guess that if a difference exists, it must be approximately as large as our assumption guess. Just because something is statistically significant, does not necessarily mean that this is clinically important. The more tests that are run, the more like it is that one will, by chance, wrongly find a "statistically significant" result. Prior to running the statistical tests, it may be more optimal to set statistical cutoff values at something less than 5%. The means to correct for the phenomenon of multiple tests has been supported by some editorials in the literature. Just realize that the problem exists and perhaps acknowledge it, form a crude means to correct it, or get a statistical expert to find an acceptable way of correcting it. This refers to the concept of the single sided test versus the two-sided test (also know as two tailed). Computer generated p values are always two-sided probabilities since the assumption is that we are performing a two tailed test. The major issue here is that the null hypothesis must be stated properly prior to determining the probabilities. You have interviewed 50 children who have been hospitalized for bicycle related head injuries and found that 14 of them were wearing a bicycle helmet at the time of the accident. In a control group (children without injuries riding their bicycle on a community bicycle path), you observe the first 100 children and note that 92 of them are wearing bicycle helmets. You are doing a study on oxygen saturation values in asthmatics presenting to an emergency room. You find that asthmatics who are eventually discharged home had a mean oxygen saturation of 95. In other words, if you plotted a value of oxygen saturation for 10,000 patients, would the shape of the distribution be bell shaped. Without doing a statistical test, indicate whether you think the following examples show groups that are significantly different or not and justify your answer: a. Descriptive statistics are the rates of bicycle helmet use in the injured group and in the control group. The rate of bicycle helmet use in the injured group is significantly different from that in the control group. It might be tempting to say that bicycle helmets prevent significant head injuries from this study, but such a study is not good enough to conclude this. Other commonly cited descriptive statistics are the standard deviations and the ranges for each group, which would describe the spread of the data. This difference is statistically significant, but it is not very clinically important because the difference between 95. Continuous pulse oximetry readings will frequently fluctuate by 2 to 4 percentage points on the same patient without any clinical changes occurring. The oxygen saturation (like most biomedical measurements) is not normally distributed. Thus, if one creates a distribution of oxygen saturation measurements, it will show a few points below 80%, a few more points between 80% and 90%, a fair number of points between 90% and 95%, a large number of points between 95% and 100%, and no points about 100%. Other examples of theoretical limits are: glucose values cannot go below zero, respiratory rates will not go below 10, etc. The mean plus or minus two standard deviations should contain approximately 95% of the area under the bell shaped curve. These standard deviations are small, so the bell shaped curves are very narrow and they do not overlap each other. Thus, it is likely that these groups will be shown to be significantly different from each other. The two means are fairly close to each other, but the standard deviation is also small. He is noted to have a barking cough and other clinical findings consistent with a diagnostic impression of laryngotracheobronchitis or croup. After a discussion with the clinic attending, she mentions that dexamethasone may be a good treatment for this patient. You perform a literature search on PubMed and find an article entitled, "A prospective randomized double-blind study to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone in acute laryngotracheitis" (1). One of the most exciting aspects of the practice of medicine is that it is continually evolving and changing. Every physician maintains the perpetual title of "Student of Medicine" as we are all constantly learning and absorbing new information. This, however, is also one of the most challenging and daunting aspects of the practice of medicine. It has also been described as "the process of systematically finding, appraising, and using contemporaneous research findings as the basis for clinical decisions" (3). The goals of evidence-based medicine are fourfold, and include: 1) improving the uniformity and standardization of care so that all patients receive optimal care; 2) helping providers make better use of limited resources by seeking the most effective treatments; 3) preventing harmful side effects or outcomes; and 4) making the literature accessible to all, thereby helping clinicians make the most informed decisions possible (3). Everyone, from the medical student to the most senior physician, can use the principles of evidence-based medicine. But, like any other worthwhile endeavor, it takes practice to become comfortable with and proficient in using these guidelines. The first two basic guidelines regarding articles on therapeutics (5, 6) and articles on diagnostic tests (7, 8) will be discussed here. The first step occurs at the bedside, when a clinical question arises during the care of a patient. This might be as simple as asking a knowledgeable physician or looking in a textbook, but for the most comprehensive and up-to-date source of information, physicians turn to the medical literature. The simplest means of accessing the medical literature involves conducting a Medline or PubMed search using the internet. The fourth step is to determine whether the results of the study being examined are valid. The fifth step is to determine what the actual results are, for instance whether a test was able to accurately diagnose a particular condition. The sixth step is to determine whether the results are applicable to your patient, and thus helpful to you in caring for your patient. The steps involved in evaluating an article on therapy are outlined in Table 2 (5,6). Toward this end the article should first be scrutinized for randomization of patients. If the study population is large enough, randomization ensures that both known and unknown factors are evenly distributed between the treatment and control groups, making it more likely that any difference in outcome between the two groups is due to the treatment effect alone. Were all patients who entered the trial properly accounted for and attributed at its conclusion. Next, it is important to ensure that all patients enrolled in the study were properly accounted for at the end of the study. If there were a large number of patients "lost to follow-up," the results of the study may be skewed. To avoid having a therapy appear more effective than it is, assume that any "lost" patients from the treatment group had a "bad" outcome and those lost from the control group had a "good" outcome. It is also important to then evaluate whether the authors preserved randomization by using an "intention-to-treat analysis. If patients from the treatment group who were unable to complete the treatment because they got sicker are transferred to the placebo (control) group, the treatment may show more effect than is truly present, just because the placebo group has sicker patients. In the croup article, of the 29 patients randomized to the study, 28 were assessed at the 12 hour post-treatment mark, and 25 patients were assessed at the 24 hour mark.
See Constraints Clinician choice medications ok during pregnancy purchase tolterodine 4mg mastercard, 310 treatment definition math purchase 4 mg tolterodine with mastercard, 315 interdependencies symptoms 6 weeks pregnant order tolterodine from india, 205; uncertain and challenges to medications affected by grapefruit generic tolterodine 2 mg line health care delivery Cochrane Database, 91, 254 estimates, 205–07; weak governance, Chang, Angela Y. See Extended cost-efectiveness and extensions, 216–20; and social 319, 320; external factors infuencing, analyses goals, 157–61, 169–70; tools for, 19, 12–13; fnancial feasibility, 71–73; EconLit database, 91 33; and uncertainty, 134–35. Essential medicines lists: consulting services, 14, 92; political ramifcations See Quality-adjusted life-year and organizations with, 254; contraception of, 283, 284. See also Monitoring and evaluation and evaluation, 71–76; strategies, 4, 5–6, 15; principles of, 30–60. See Health Intervention and Infante, Antonio, 15, 21, 275, 345 impact on, 281–82, 288; on public Technology Assessment Program Infants. See Monitoring and evaluation Micro-costing, 91–93 331, 332 Manthalu, Gerald, 247 Microsof Excel, 161 Long-term care, 314 Marginalized populations, 4, 297–301, Monitoring and evaluation (M&E), Low and middle-income countries 306–07, 329, 339, 346. See Financial risk protection and Poverty, 4, 297–301, 306–07, 329, 339, Rationing: implicit rationing, 14, 26, 94, equity 346. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. Abstract this paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. The paper briefly reviews the short and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions. Ayhan Kose, Luc Laeven, and Fabian Valencia, to be published by the International Monetary Fund. As fittingly described by Reinhart and Rogoff (2009a), “financial crises are an equal opportunity menace. They come in different shapes and sizes, evolve over time into different forms, and can rapidly spread across borders. They often require immediate and comprehensive policy responses, call for major changes in financial sector and fiscal policies, and can necessitate global coordination of policies. The widespread impact of the latest global financial crisis underlines the importance of having a solid understanding of crises. As the latest episode has vividly showed, the implications of financial turmoil can be substantial and greatly affect the conduct of economic and financial policies. A thorough analysis of the consequences of and best responses to crises has become an integral part of current policy debates as the lingering effects of the latest crisis are still being felt around the world. Crises are, at a certain level, extreme manifestations of the interactions between the financial sector and the real economy. As such, understanding financial crises requires an understanding of macro financial linkages, a truly complex challenge in itself. The objective of this paper is more modest: it presents a focused survey considering three specific questions. The paper also briefly reviews the literature on the prediction of crises and the evolution of early warning models. A financial crisis is often an amalgam of events, including substantial changes in credit volume and asset prices, severe disruptions in financial intermediation, notably the supply of external financing, large scale balance sheet problems, and the need for large scale government support. While these events can be driven by a variety of factors, financial crises often are preceded by asset and credit booms that then turn into busts. As such, many theories focusing on the sources of financial crises have recognized the importance of sharp movements in asset and credit markets. In light of this, this section briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies analyzing the developments in credit and asset markets around financial crises. It is useful to classify crises in four groups: currency crises; sudden stop (or capital account or balance of 2 For further reading on financial crises, the starting point is the authoritative study by Reinhart and Rogoff (2009). The section summarizes the findings of the literature on analytical causes and empirical determinants of each type of crisis. Theories, that are designed to explain crises, are used to guide the literature on the identification of crises. However, it has been difficult to transform the predictions of the theories into practice. While it is easy to design quantitative methods to identify currency (and inflation) crises and sudden stops, the identification of debt and banking crises is typically based on qualitative and judgmental analyses. Irrespective of the classification one uses, different types of crises are likely to overlap. Many banking crises, for example, are also associated with sudden stop episodes and currency crises. The coincidence of multiple types of crises leads to further challenges of identification. The literature therefore employs a wide range of methods to identify and classify crises. The section considers various identification approaches and reviews the frequency of crises over time and across different groups of countries. The macroeconomic and financial implications of crises are typically severe and share many commonalities across various types. Large output losses are common to many crises, and other macroeconomic variables typically register significant declines. Financial variables, such as asset prices and credit, usually follow qualitatively similar patterns across crises, albeit with variations in terms of duration and severity of declines. The section examines the short and medium-run effects of crises and presents a set of stylized facts with respect to their macroeconomic and financial implications. Financial markets with high leverage can easily be subject to crises of confidence, making fickleness the main reason why the exact timing of crises is very difficult to predict. Moreover, the nature of crises changes over time as economic and financial structures evolve. This section presents a summary of the evolution of different types of prediction models and considers the current state of early warning models. It then considers the most relevant issues for research in light of these lessons. One is that future research should be geared to eliminate the “this-time-is-different” syndrome. However, this is a very broad task requiring to address two major questions: How to prevent financial crises. In addition, there have to be more intensive efforts to collect necessary data and to develop new methodologies in order to guide both empirical and theoretical studies. A financial crisis is often associated with one or more of the following phenomena: substantial changes in credit volume and asset prices; severe disruptions in financial intermediation and the 5 supply of external financing to various actors in the economy; large scale balance sheet problems (of firms, households, financial intermediaries and sovereigns); and large scale government support (in the form of liquidity support and recapitalization). As such, financial crises are typically multidimensional events and can be hard to characterize using a single indicator. The literature has clarified some of the factors driving crises, but it remains a challenge to definitively identify their deeper causes. While fundamental factors—macroeconomic imbalances, internal or external shocks—are often observed, many questions remain on the exact causes of crises. These include sudden runs on banks, contagion and spillovers among financial markets, limits to arbitrage during times of stress, emergence of asset busts, credit crunches, and fire sales, and other aspects related to financial turmoil. Indeed, the idea of “animal spirits” (as a source of financial market movements) has long occupied a significant space in the literature 3 attempting to explain crises (Keynes, 1930; Minsky, 1975; Kindleberger, 1978). Financial crises are often preceded by asset and credit booms that eventually turn into busts. Many theories focusing on the sources of crises have recognized the importance of booms in asset and credit markets. However, explaining why asset price bubbles or credit booms are allowed to continue and eventually become unsustainable and turn into busts or crunches has been challenging. This naturally requires answering why neither financial market participants nor policy makers foresee the risks and attempt to slow down the expansion of credit and increase in asset prices. The dynamics of macroeconomic and financial variables around crises have been extensively studied. Empirical studies have documented the various phases of financial crises, from initial, small-scale financial disruptions to large-scale national, regional, or even global crises.
In-vitro symptoms gallstones 4mg tolterodine for sale, Obesity treatment of cultured glomerular endothelial Ahmed A Elmarakby symptoms 8 dpo buy cheap tolterodine 2 mg on-line, Mohamed A Katary treatment quincke edema generic tolterodine 4mg visa, cells with palmitate (200 M) for 48 hours Ahmed S medicine with codeine tolterodine 1 mg sale. However, they In response to a homeostatic stress the number do participate in the inflammatory process of cells that make renin increases dramatically observed surrounding the vessels in mice with along the renal arteriolar tree resembling the deletion of the renin gene, suggesting that they embryonic pattern. We have shown that this derived from the circulation and not from the “recruitment” occurs by re-expression of renin kidney. However, limited mechanistic insight is available regarding the contribution and T. We recently that reached maximum by day 2 (110±11 reported that inducible nephron wide deletion cells/mL blood, n=6). Deletions of the renin-angiotensin system genes We conclude that precursor cells programmed or pharmacological inhibition in early life result for the renin phenotype maintain their in a distinctive renal pathology: concentric and molecular program and together with vascular disorganized intra-renal arteriolar thickening. Research Grant (includes hypothesized that renin cell precursors principal investigator, collaborator, or contribute to the arterial pathology. Research Grant generated several mouse lines for fate tracing (includes principal investigator, collaborator, or and also stained for cell identity specific consultant and pending grants as well as grants proteins. As expected, Ren1c-/ kidneys showed no renin and thicker intra-renal arteries (Arterioles: Ren1c+/-, 8. To address this question, Male salt Hypertension: A Central Role for Renal Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) received an Afferent Nerves in Hypertension. Pretreatment with the however, the contribution of afferent and vasopressin antagonist Manning Compound efferent renal nerves in this effect is unknown. Two-bottle the Supraoptic Nucleus 1A choice between water and escalating Danny W Linggonegoro, Jeremy A Sandgren, concentrations of NaCl uncovered minor Kristin E Claflin, Katherine J Perschbacher, alterations in sodium intake behavior. Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Local Systemic vascular resistance and heart rate Passive Heat in Autonomic Failure Patients were similar in both groups. The therapeutic Diedrich, Sachin Paranjape, Bonnie K Black, application of this approach needs to be David Robertson, Vanderbilt Univ Medical Ctr, addressed in future studies. Research Grant Hemodynamic parameters and core body and (includes principal investigator, collaborator, or skin temperatures were measured in the supine consultant and pending grants as well as grants position. Administration of Dox Funding: No significantly increased E/E’ by 47%, a marker of Funding Component: diastolic dysfunction, and pulse wave velocity by 74%, as a measure of arterial stiffness, 023 quantified using a Vevo 2100 small animal ultrasound system; co-administration of Ang-(1 Angiotensin-(1-7) Reduces Doxorubicin 7) prevented the Dox-induced increases in Induced Cardiac Fibrosis diastolic dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Collectively, these results suggest that Doxorubicin (Dox) is a commonly used and adjuvant Ang-(1-7) may attenuate cardiac effective chemotherapeutic agent for childhood fibrosis and toxicity induced by Dox leukemias and sarcomas. Consequently, there is a need for adjunct therapies to reduce Dox-induced Funding Component: cardiotoxicity and enhance long-term quality 024 of-life in cancer patients, especially in pediatric patients. Dox treatment reduced body Hashomer and Sackler Sch of Med, Cardiac Res mass, cardiac weight and cardiomyocyte size, Lab, Felsenstein Medical Res Inst, Tel-Aviv Univ, while Ang-(1-7) co-administration had no effect Petach-Tikva, Israel; Shailendra P. Research Grant (includes principal migration was studied in vitro by chemotaxis investigator, collaborator, or consultant and transwell assay. Research Grant (includes principal secretes pathogenic factors, in particular the investigator, collaborator, or consultant and anti-angiogenic protein sFlt-1. Here, we position, and any rights in any patent or other describe its in vivo pharmacokinetics and intellectu; Modest; Patent on Diagnostics and biodistribution. Ownership Interest (includes any performed after subcutaneous administration stock, stock option, partnership, membership or of labeled peptide. Measurements were made other equity position in an entity regardless of on serially drawn blood, and in the whole the form of the entity, or any option or right to animal by in vivo imaging. Chronic administration found highest Funding Component: Midwest Affiliate (Illinois, levels accumulating in placenta and kidney (two Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, favorable targets for preeclampsia) and liver. A Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South single subcutaneous administration at Dakota & Wisconsin) 100mg/kg resulted in sustained therapeutic 034 plasma concentrations for over 10 days. Results: MetS pigs developed hypertension and insulin resistance, yet cardiac function was preserved. MetS induced loss of desmin and tubulin that was paralleled by mitochondrial disorganization, decreased 18:2 cardiolipin, and increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. Research Grant (includes principal therapeutic potential for improving cardiac investigator, collaborator, or consultant and injury in early MetS, and potentially preventing pending grants as well as grants already future deterioration in cardiac function. Thus, our metabolic syndrome and an independent data indicate that intra-abdominal adipose predictor of cardiovascular disease. Reux en Y tissue itself is a source of factors that may be gastric bypass (RnY) has been shown to offer important negative regulators of micro and protection against cardiovascular disease, but macrovascular and cardiac function, but are not residual risk remains. Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. In conclusion, miR-192, particularly development of hypertension remains miR-192-5p in the kidney, confers significant unknown. We performed a deep sequencing protection against the development of analysis of miR expression in human kidney hypertension. We hypothesized that miR-192 Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South 5p in the kidney protects against hypertension. We generated hypertension correlates with total nephron double transgenic mice (termed R+) with number. Employment; Significant; 10% mechanical stretch markedly increased University of Iowa. In addition, a significant loss of is controlled mainly by the afferent arteriole HoxB7-derived collecting duct tubules was (Af-Art) resistance. Most collecting ducts regulated by mechanism similar to that in other recovered following release. Research Grant (includes principal to the glomerulus that causes glomerular investigator, collaborator, or consultant and barotrauma/damage. Research Grant (includes principal exogenous S1P is a potent vasoconstrictor in rat investigator, collaborator, or consultant and afferent arterioles. Exogenous Funding: Yes S1P evoked concentration-dependent Funding Component: Greater Southeast Affiliate vasoconstriction in sham rats. Increasing S1P (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, (10-10-10-5 M) decreased diameter to 99±1, Mississippi, Puerto Rico & Tennessee) 95±2, 89±2, 80±3, 58±4, and 34±2% of baseline (n=7), respectively. In chromatin features and regulate gene further experiments, mouse proximal tubule expression in an orientation-independent cells were transfected with Ad-sglt2-mito manner. Schiffrin, significantly reduced compared to controls Hypertension and Vascular Res Unit, Lady Davis (109±1 vs. Aortic atherosclerotic Hypertension and Vascular Res Unit, Lady Davis lesions were quantified using Oil Red O staining. Results: Diabetic Apoe-/ mice presented an Michelle Trindade, State Univ of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Suellen C. Catabolism of these biomolecules leads to efficacious K+-sparing diuretics/natriuretics that the in vivo production of a diverse group of 8 may regulate renal function and blood pressure nitro, 8-amino and 8-hydroxy guanosine and and may represent a new class of guanine compounds. Guanosine, 8 Funding: No nitroguanosine and 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine had minimal activity. Guanine, Funding Component: 8-nitroguanine, 8-hydroxyguanosine and 8 071 hydroxyguanine had moderate natriuretic activity (increased sodium excretion by 9. In Requires Neuronal Activation of At1a contrast, 8-aminoguanosine (n=6) and 8 Receptors aminoguanine (n=6) were highly efficacious and increased Na+ excretion by 26. In addition, the saline intake amount Dane D Jensen, Yumei Feng, Univ of Nevada Sch (ml/day) was lower (P<0. Speaker (includes speakers 3nmol/side) and the ionotropic glutamate bureau, symposia, and expert witness); Modest; receptor antagonist (kynurenate; 1. Despite no Enhances Mitochondrial Mfn2 and Opa1 differences in food intake (metabolism cages) Nader G. Also, Bamshad, George Drummond, Dept of MatSep increased plasma corticosterone Pharmacology, New York Medical Coll, Valhalla, (189±48 vs. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Funding Component: chronic Ang-(1-7) administration would prevent 083 high fat diet-induced obesity in mice, and determined potential mechanisms underlying / T Cells Play a Role in Development of this effect. Sinnaeve, Univ Hosp Leuven, Leuven, resonance analyzer), food and water intake, and Belgium; Christopher B. Granger, Duke Univ energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) were Medical Ctr and Duke Clinical Res Inst, Durham, measured during the last week of treatment. A similar shown to play a role in the development of trend for Ang-(1-7) to increase energy hypertension. Nevertheless, the T cell subsets expenditure and oxygen consumption was involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension observed during the light cycle. These findings suggest that targeting could play a role bridging the innate and of Ang-(1-7) may be a novel strategy to prevent adaptive immune systems.
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