Penisole
"Safe 300mg penisole, herbals aps pvt ltd."
By: Denise H. Rhoney, PharmD, FCCP, FCCM
- Ron and Nancy McFarlane Distinguished Professor and Chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
https://pharmacy.unc.edu/news/directory/drhoney/
Exercise electrocardiography was normal at 12 minutes whilst echocardiography and Holter monitoring revealed no abnormality herbals hills order cheapest penisole. As an acquired pattern in an asymptomatic individual herbals on demand shipping discount penisole online mastercard, it is likely to herbalshopcom order penisole with paypal be caused by very slowly progressive fine fibrosis of the conducting tissue (Lenegre’s disease) herbals kidney stones order generic penisole from india. Coronary artery disease may be present and this possibility should be investigated. Regular cardiological review with exercise electrocardiography and Holter monitoring is required. A 49-year-old air traffic controller who demonstrates an rSr complex in V1 and V2 suggestive of incomplete right bundle branch delay although there is no matching S-wave in the left chest leads. In this situation, leads V1 and V2 may have been placed in the 2nd rather than the 4th intercoastal spaces. Minor degrees of pre-excitation are sometimes mistaken for incomplete left bundle branch aberration, which this may be. Initial issue of a medical assessment is not possible in the presence of a history of atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia. In the event of the demonstration of successful accessory pathway ablation, certification without restriction is possible. Long-term asymptomatic individuals with this pattern may be granted unrestricted medical assessment. The exercise electrocardiogram “normalized” at a high workload, and there was no evidence of electrical instability on Holter monitoring. Most cases of hypertrophic myopathy require a limitation to multi-crew operations but an inter-ventricular septum diameter > 2. A bradycardia, probably of left atrial origin, is present with a heart rate of 57 bpm. The “dome and dart” P-waves in V1 suggest a left atrial focus whilst the T-waves are biphasic in V3 and V4 with late notching in V5. The pilot’s exercise performance is excellent, and no electrical instability is detected on repeated Holter monitoring. Although the pacing spikes are not evident, a bipolar dual chamber pacemaker is present. As the pilot was not technically pacemaker-dependent, a Class 2 medical assessment was permitted. A 38-year-old applicant for a class I medical assessment who demonstrates the characteristic features of the Brugada pattern although he had always been asymptomatic. An initial applicant should be refused medical certification but new presentation in an existing licence-holder should be reviewed in the light of family history and past history of any event consistent with syncope. Holter monitoring should search for possible ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes). Minor variants overlapping with normal ones are common and specialist input is needed. He achieved 100 per cent of his age predicted maximum heart rate of 190 bpm on the Bruce treadmill protocol after 12 minutes exercise and was limited by exhaustion. Such a good walking time predicts a low (< 1% / annum) risk of significant cardiovascular event/year. The upper three leads, V4, 5, 6, represent his electrocardiographic response to exercise, which was limited by central chest pain to 6. The lower panel reflects his normal response to exercise following the insertion of three coronary artery bypass grafts. Six months following the index intervention, he was assessed fit following clinical and exercise electrocardiographic review: attention had been paid to his vascular risk factors. He was limited to fly as/with co-pilot only and will not be able to fly in future as pilot in sole command. The same pilot as in 26, demonstrating the same leads during recovery from exercise. Left anterior oblique image of the right main coronary artery in a 54-year-old professional pilot who demonstrated an 80 per cent proximal stenosis. His exercise electrocardiogram was abnormal at seven minutes of the Bruce protocol and he was limited by chest pain. In evaluating the functions of the respiratory system, special attention must be given to its interdependence with the cardiovascular system. Satisfactory tissue oxygenation during aviation duties can only be achieved with an adequate capacity and response of the cardiovascular system. About one-third of the world’s population, or two billion people, carry mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most do not develop clinical disease, but about two million people die of tuberculosis each year. The case rates for pulmonary tuberculosis in parts of North America, although low at 4. In addition, the emergence 1 2 of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a threat to public health and tuberculosis control has raised concerns of a future epidemic of virtually untreatable tuberculosis. At the end of the three-month period, a further radiographic record should be made and compared carefully with the original. If there is no sign of extension of the disease and there are neither general symptoms nor symptoms referable to the chest, the applicant may be assessed as fit for three months. Thereafter, provided there continues to be no sign of extension of the disease as shown by radiographic examinations carried out at the end of each three-month period, the validity of the licence should be restricted to consecutive periods of three months. When the applicant has been under observation under this scheme for a total period of at least two years and comparison of all the radiographic records shows no changes or only regression of the lesion, the lesion should be regarded as “quiescent” or “healed. Emphysema is characterized by destruction of the parenchyma of the lung, resulting both in wasted ventilation and in a loss of elastic support to the internal airways, which leads to dynamic collapse on exhalation. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the airways, with mucosal thickening, copious sputum production, and ventilation-perfusion mismatching, which in some cases may be difficult to reliably separate from chronic asthma. The degree of functional impairment due to any or all of the above factors determines whether an applicant may be assessed as fit for aviation duties. The assessment of applicants with a recent history of spontaneous pneumothorax should take into account not only clinical recovery after treatment (conservative and/or surgical), but primarily the risk of recurrence. There are significant first, second and third recurrence rates with conservative treatment of 10%-60%, 17%-80% and 80%-100% of cases, respectively. After chemical pleurodesis, the recurrence rate is 25-30%; after mechanical pleurodesis or pleurectomy, the rate is 1-5%. In such cases an applicant should be assessed as unfit until at least three months after surgery. A final decision should be made by the medical assessor and based on a thorough investigation and evaluation in accordance with best medical practice. Between attacks the patient is frequently asymptomatic and often has normal pulmonary function. Treatment with anti-inflammatory agents includes cromolyn, nedocromil and corticosteroids. Beta-agonists, theophyllines and ipratropium are frequently used but have severe side effects, such as dizziness, cardiac arrhythmia, and anticholinergic effects. Cromolyn and inhaled corticosteroids have hardly any side effects and may be relied upon to control the disease, but recurring attacks may still happen and they may be unpredictable and incapacitating. However, if the clinical course is mild and drug treatment is not required, or treatment with acceptable drugs has been demonstrated to reliably prevent attacks, certification, with or without restriction, may be considered. Some patients have granulomas in the lungs, causing radiographically evident changes. Usually the enlargement of lymph nodes subsides within three years, sometimes faster. In patients with pulmonary granulomas, the development of fibrosis may lead to increasing dyspnoea and abnormal lung function tests. In half to two-thirds of patients, pulmonary sarcoidosis resolves, leaving radiographically clear lungs. Central nervous system involvement may manifest as seizures or neurological deficit.
Isatis. Penisole.
- How does Isatis work?
- Prostate cancer, upper respiratory infections, inflammation in the brain, hepatitis, lung abscess, psoriasis, diarrhea, and HIV.
- Are there safety concerns?
- Dosing considerations for Isatis.
- What is Isatis?
Source: http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=96877
It is re liably associated with overweight and obesity in treatment-seeking individuals herbs pictures purchase penisole overnight. In addition herbals plant actions penisole 300 mg low cost, compared with weight-matched obese indi viduals without binge-eating disorder herbals names purchase penisole 300mg on line, those with the disorder consume more calories in laboratory studies of eating behavior and have greater functional impairment himalaya herbals cheap 300mg penisole, lower qual ity of life, more subjective distress, and greater psychiatric comorbidity. The gender ratio is far less skewed in bingeeating disorder than in bulimia nervosa. Binge-eating disorder is as prevalent among fe males from racial or ethnic minority groups as has been reported for white females. The disorder is more prevalent among individuals seeking weight-loss treatment than in the general population. Development and Course Little is known about the development of binge-eating disorder. Both binge eating and loss-of-control eating without objectively excessive consumption occur in children and are associated with increased body fat, weight gain, and increases in psychological symptoms. Loss-of-control eating or episodic binge eating may represent a prodromal phase of eating disorders for some indi viduals. Dieting follows the development of binge eating in many individuals with bingeeating disorder. Individuals with bingeeating disorder who seek treatment usually are older than individuals with either bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa who seek treatment. Remission rates in both natural course and treatment outcome studies are higher for binge-eating disorder than for bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa. Binge-eating disorder appears to be relatively persistent, and the course is comparable to that of bulimia nervosa in terms of severity and duration. Binge-eating disorder appears to run in families, which may reflect additive genetic influences. C ulture-Reiated Diagnostic issues Binge-eating disorder occurs with roughly similar frequencies in most industrialized countries, including the United States, Canada, many European countries, Australia, and New Zealand. In the United States, the prevalence of binge-eating disorder appears com parable among non-Latino whites. It may also be as sociated with an increased risk for weight gain and the development of obesity. Binge-eating disorder has recurrent binge eating in common with bu limia nervosa but differs from the latter disorder in some fundamental respects. In terms of clinical presentation, the recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior. Unlike in dividuals with bulimia nervosa, individuals with binge-eating disorder typically do not show marked or sustained dietary restriction designed to influence body weight and shape between binge-eating episodes. Binge-eating disorder also differs from bulimia nervosa in terms of response to treat ment. Rates of improvement are consistently higher among individuals with binge-eating disorder than among those with bulimia nervosa. Binge-eating disorder is associated with overweight and obesity but has several key features that are distinct from obesity. First, levels of overvaluation of body weight and shape are higher in obese individuals with the disorder than in those without the disorder. Second, rates of psychiatric comorbidity are significantly higher among obese individuals with the disorder compared with those without the disorder. Third, the long-term successful outcome of evidence-based psychological treatments for bingeeating disorder can be contrasted with the absence of effective long-term treatments for obesity. Increases in appetite and weight gain are included in the criteria for major depressive episode and in the atypical features specifiers for de pressive and bipolar disorders. Increased eating in the context of a major depressive epi sode may or may not be associated with loss of control. Binge eating and other symptoms of disordered eat ing are seen in association with bipolar disorder. Binge eating is included in the impulsive behavior cri terion that is part of the definition of borderline personality disorder. Comorbidity Binge-eating disorder is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity that is com parable to that of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. The most common comorbid dis orders are bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and, to a lesser degree, substance use disorders. The psychiatric comorbidity is linked to the severity of binge eating and not to the degree of obesity. The other spec ified feeding or eating disorder category is used in situations in which the clinician chooses to communicate the specific reason that the presentation does not meet the criteria for any specific feeding and eating disorder. This is done by recording “other specified feeding or eating disorder”followed by the specific reason. Atypical anorexia nervosa: All of the criteria for anorexia nervosa are met, except that despite significant weight loss, the individual’s weight is within or above the normal range. Bulimia nervosa (of low frequency and/or limited duration): All of the criteria for bulimia nervosa are met, except that the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors occur, on average, less than once a week and/or for less than 3 months. Binge-eating disorder (of low frequency and/or limited duration): All of the criteria for binge-eating disorder are met, except that the binge eating occurs, on average, less than once a week and/or for less than 3 months. Night eating syndrome: Recurrent episodes of night eating, as manifested by eating after awakening from sleep or by excessive food consumption after the evening meal. The night eating is not better explained by external influences such as changes in the individual’s sleep-wake cycle or by local so cial norms. The disordered pattern of eating is not better explained by binge-eating disorder or another mental disorder, including substance use, and is not attributable to another medical disorder or to an effect of medication. The unspecified feeding and eating disorder category is used in situations in which the clinician chooses not to specify the reason that the criteria are not met for a specific feeding and eating dis order, and includes presentations in which there is insufficient information to make a more specific diagnosis. This group of disorders in cludes enuresis, the repeated voiding of urine into inappropriate places, and encopresis, the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places. Although there are min imum age requirements for diagnosis of both disorders, these are based on developmental age and not solely on chronological age. Although these disorders typically occur separately, co-occurrence may also be observed. Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, whether involuntary or intentional. The behavior is clinically significant as manifested by either a frequency of at least twice a week for at least 3 consecutive months or the presence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. Subtypes the noctumal-only subtype of enuresis, sometimes referred to as monosymptomatic enure sis, is the most common subtype and involves incontinence only during nighttime sleep, typically during the first one-third of the night. The diurnal-only subtype occurs in the absence of nocturnal enuresis and may be referred to simply as urinary incontinence. Individuals with 'urge incon tinence" have sudden urge symptoms and detrusor instability, whereas individuals with "voiding postponement" consciously defer micturition urges until incontinence results. Diagnostic Features the essential feature of enuresis is repeated voiding of urine during the day or at night into bed or clothes (Criterion A). To qualify for a diagnosis of enuresis, the voiding of urine must occur at least twice a week for at least 3 consecutive months or must cause clinically significant dis tress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of func tioning (Criterion B). The urinary incontinence is not at tributable to the physiological effects of a substance. During day time (diurnal) enuresis, the child defers voiding until incontinence occurs, sometimes because of a reluctance to use the toilet as a result of social anxiety or a preoccupation with school or play activity. The enuretic event most commonly occurs in the early afternoon on school days and may be associated with symptoms of disruptive behavior. The enuresis commonly per sists after appropriate treatment of an associated infection. Prevaience the prevalence of enuresis is 5%-10% among 5-year-olds, 3%-5% among 10-year-olds, and around 1% among individuals 15 years or older. Deveiopment and Course Two types of course of enuresis have been described: a "primary" type, in which the indi vidual has never established urinary continence, and a "secondary" type, in which the dis turbance develops after a period of established urinary continence. There are no differences in prevalence of comorbid mental disorders between the two types. The most common time for the onset of secondary enuresis is between ages 5 and 8years, but it may occur at any time. Most children with the disorder become continent by adolescence, but in approximately 1% of cases the disorder continues into adulthood.
Despite their clinical appeal and heuristic value greenridge herbals purchase penisole with a visa, there is limited evidence to wise woman herbals 1 cheap 300 mg penisole support these distinct phenotypes herbals scappoose oregon generic 300mg penisole. Self-reported excessive sleepiness (hypersomnolence) despite a main sleep period lasting at least 7 hours planetary herbals quality buy 300 mg penisole with mastercard, with at least one of the following symptoms: 1. A prolonged main sleep episode of more than 9 hours per day that is nonrestorative. The hypersomnolence is accompanied by significant distress or impairment in cogni tive, social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The hypersomnolence is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep disorder. The hypersomnolence is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance. Coexisting mental and medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of t^ypersomnolence. Specify if: With mental disorder, including substance use disorders With medicai condition With another sleep disorder Coding note: the code 780. Code also the relevant associated mental disorder, medical condition, or other sleep disorder im mediately after the code for hypersomnolence disorder in order to indicate the associ ation. Specify current severity: Specify severity based on degree of difficulty maintaining daytime alertness as manifested by the occurrence of multiple attacks of irresistible sleepiness within any given day occur ring, for example, while sedentary, driving, visiting with friends, or working. Diagnostic Features Hypersomnolence is a broad diagnostic term and includes symptoms of excessive quantity of sleep. Individuals with this disorder fall asleep quickly and have a good sleep efficiency (>90%). They may have difficulty waking up in the morning, sometimes appearing confused, combative, or ataxic. This prolonged impairment of alert ness at the sleep-wake transition is often referred to as sleep inertia. During that period, the individual appears awake, but there is a decline in motor dexterity, behavior may be very inappro priate, and memory deficits, disorientation in time and space, and feelings of grogginess may occur. The persistent need for sleep can lead to automatic behavior (usually of a very routine, low-complexity type) that the individual carries out with little or no subsequent recall. For example, individuals may find themselves having driven several miles from where they thought they were, unaware of the "automatic" driving they did in the preceding minutes. For some individuals with hypersomnolence disorder, the major sleep episode (for most individuals, nocturnal sleep) has a duration of 9 hours or more. However, the sleep is often nonrestorative and is followed by difficulty awakening in the morning. For other individ uals with hypersomnolence disorder, the major sleep episode is of normal nocturnal sleep duration (6-9 hours). In these cases, the excessive sleepiness is characterized by several un intentional daytime naps. These daytime naps tend to be relatively long (often lasting 1 hour or more), are experienced as nonrestorative. Individuals with hypersomnolence have daytime naps nearly everyday regard less of the nocturnal sleep duration. Individuals typically feel sleepiness developing over a period of time, rather than experiencing a sudden sleep "attack. Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis Nonrestorative sleep, automatic behavior, difficulties awakening in the morning, and sleep inertia, although common in hypersomnolence disorder, may also be seen in a variety of conditions, including narcolepsy. Approximately 80% of individuals with hyper somnolence report that their sleep is nonrestorative, and as many have difficulties awak ening in the morning. Prevaience Approximately 5%-10% of individuals who consult in sleep disorders clinics with com plaints of daytime sleepiness are diagnosed as having hypersomnolence disorder. Deveiopment and Course Hypersomnolence disorder has a persistent course, with a progressive evolution in the se verity of symptoms. While many individuals with hypersomnolence are able to reduce their sleep time during working days, weekend and holiday sleep is greatly increased (by up to 3 hours). Awakenings are very difficult and accompanied by sleep inertia episodes in nearly 40% of cases. Hypersomnolence fully manifests in most cases in late adolescence or early adulthood, with a mean age at onset of 17-24 years. Individuals with hypersomnolence disorder are diagnosed, on average, 10-15 years after the appearance of the first symptoms. Hypersomnolence has a progressive onset, with symptoms beginning between ages 15 and 25 years, with a gradual progression over weeks to months. For most individuals, the course is then persistent and stable, unless treatment is initiated. Although hyperactivity may be one of the presenting signs of daytime sleepiness in children, voluntary napping increases with age. Hypersomnolence can be increased temporarily by psychological stress and alcohol use, but they have not been documented as environmental precipitating factors. Viral infections have been reported to have preceded or accompanied hyper somnolence in about 10% of cases. Diagnostic iVlarlcers Nocturnal polysomnography demonstrates a normal to prolonged sleep duration, short sleep latency, and normal to increased sleep continuity. Some individuals with hypersomnolence disorder have increased amounts of slow-wave sleep. The multiple sleep latency test documents sleep tendency, typically indicated by mean sleep latency values of less than 8minutes. In hypersomnolence disorder, the mean sleep latency is typically less than 10 minutes and frequently 8minutes or less. Functional Consequences of Hypersomnoience Disorder the low level of alertness that occurs while an individual fights the need for sleep can lead to reduced efficiency, diminished concentration, and poor memory during daytime activ ities. Hypersomnoience can lead to significant distress and dysfunction in work and social relationships. Prolonged nocturnal sleep and difficulty awakening can result in difficulty in meeting morning obligations, such as arriving at work on time. Unintentional daytime sleep episodes can be embarrassing and even dangerous, if, for instance, the individual is driving or operating machinery when the episode occurs. If social or occupational demands lead to shorter nocturnal sleep, daytime symptoms may appear. In hypersomnoience disorder, by contrast, symptoms of excessive sleepiness occur regard less of nocturnal sleep duration. An inadequate amount of nocturnal sleep, or behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, can produce symptoms of daytime sleepiness very similar to those of hypersomnoience. An average sleep duration of fewer than 7 hours per night strongly suggests inadequate nocturnal sleep, and an average of more than 9-10 hours of sleep per 24-hour period suggests hypersomnoience. Individuals with inadequate noctur nal sleep typically "catch up" with longer sleep durations on days when they are free from social or occupational demands or on vacations. Unlike hypersomnoience, insufficient nocturnal sleep is unlikely to persist unabated for decades. A diagnosis of hypersomno ience disorder should not be made if there is a question regarding the adequacy of noctur nal sleep duration. A diagnostic and therapeutic trial of sleep extension for 10-14 days can often clarify the diagnosis. Hypersomnoience disorder should be distinguished from excessive sleepiness related to insufficient sleep quantity or quality and fatigue. Excessive sleepiness and fatigue are difficult to differentiate and may overlap considerably. Individuals with hypersomnoience and breathingrelated sleep disorders may have similar patterns of excessive sleepiness. Breathingrelated sleep disorders are suggested by a history of loud snoring, pauses in breathing during sleep, brain injury, or cardiovascular disease and by the presence of obesity, oro pharyngeal anatomical abnormalities, hypertension, or heart failure on physical examina tion. Polysomnographie studies can confirm the presence of apneic events in breathingrelated sleep disorder (and their absence in hypersomnolence disorder). Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders are often characterized by daytime sleepiness. A history of an abnormal sleep-wake schedule (with shifted or irregular hours) is present in individuals with a circadian rhythm sleepwake disorder. Parasomnias rarely produce the prolonged, undisturbed nocturnal sleep or daytime sleepiness characteristic of hypersomnolence disorder. Hypersomnolence disorder must be distinguished from mental disorders that include hypersomnolence as an essential or associated feature.
Diseases
- Dental caries
- Shellfish poisoning
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Dejerine Sottas disease
- Congenital afibrinogenemia
- Congenital craniosynostosis maternal hyperthyroiditis
After being shown the exercise by the teacher herbals stores penisole 300mg fast delivery, he is instructed to 840 herbals purchase penisole 300 mg on line repeat the procedure by himself between three and five times a day for a two-minute period each ganapathy herbals discount penisole amex. Within a period of two weeks or so a large proportion of the subject population is able to herbals that clean arteries discount penisole 300mg on-line achieve a considerable degree of subjective heaviness. He is then 203taught to induce a feeling of warmth and eventually goes on to control of respiration, relaxation of the body, and if desired selective anesthesia. The interesting feature of this technique is that the subject eventually becomes fully capable of producing these phenomena through his own efforts rather than by the suggestions given him by the teacher (hypnotist). Probably, the hypnotist is internalized by the subject in this process, and thus becomes an ego resource. Such a technique would also be useful in solitary confinement for controlling anxieties that otherwise might be overwhelming. The major distinction between this use of hypnosis and those commonly advocated is that the procedure would be one more technique of mastery available to the captive without sacrificing any degree of ego control. There is some anecdotal evidence that individuals trained in this manner found it useful during confinement in concentration camps. It is difficult to determine whether the technique of autogenous training is in itself the effective mechanism or whether it merely represents a form of pseudo-mastery which can become an ego support. Equally important is the illusion of mastery that the individual may be able to create without recourse to external aids. Thus, if he is deprived of his clothing and his dignity he would still have at his disposal a technique which depends strictly upon concentration and which cannot be taken from him. When the individual feels at the mercy of an apparently all powerful captor, it may well be as important to him to be able to demonstrate to himself that he can control his respiration or can make a limb heavy as the actual ability to decrease physical pain. Biderman (11) has discussed the importance to the interrogation subject of maintaining the feeling of control through either real or illusory devices. As long as the individual is able to induce subjective changes at will he may maintain a feeling of control which cannot be taken away. Anecdotal evidence obtained in personal communication from an individual subject to extensive interrogation by the Gestapo may illustrate the point. This subject found that he was able to control the point of passing out during interrogation. Whether in fact he had control of this kind or whether he had the illusion of control is unimportant because the subjective feeling helped to maintain his mastery of the situation throughout several months of intensive interrogation. It is possible that autogenous 204training may be a technique for providing the potential captive with an untouchable and effective technique of mastery in a situation where he is physically totally at the mercy of his captors. Prevention of subsequent trance induction, by a posthypnotic suggestion to that effect, seems unlikely. The posthypnotic induction of amnesia and anesthesia for the event of capture would leave the captive in a more vulnerable position than he would have been otherwise, if indeed it is feasible at all. The training in hypnosis necessary to achieve these phenomena might well make the subject more accessible to attempts at trance induction by an enemy interrogator. Information about what the soldier might expect under conditions of captivity, about the techniques of enemy interrogation, about the kind of reactions he might experience in himself would all be desirable in terms of increasing his ego control and therefore his mastery of a potentially difficult situation. Two specific techniques designed to enhance ego control were suggested: the use of motivating instructions and the technique of autogenous training. Defense Against the Use of the Hypnotic Situation in Interrogation the technical reasons for the limited utility of hypnosis as an instrument of interrogation have been discussed here at some length. It is highly questionable whether it is possible to induce a trance in a resistant subject. Furthermore, even if trance could be induced, considerable evidence indicates that it is doubtful whether a subject could be made to reveal information which he wished to safeguard. And finally, it has been shown that the accuracy of such information, were any to be obtained, would not be guaranteed since subjects in hypnosis are fully capable of lying. However, it is possible that both 205hypnosis and drugs, such as pentothal, scopolamine, sodium amytal, etc. It would be well to differentiate between the effectiveness of hypnosis as such and the hypnotic situation. The latter seems to offer greater potential applicability for interrogation purposes. The psychological meaning of the situation to the captive during interrogation is one which varies widely from individual to individual. It is not our purpose here to review the meaning of capture and 1 interrogation from a psychodynamic viewpoint, but only to consider briefly why individuals will undergo extremes of physical and mental suffering to prevent the interrogator from obtaining the desired information. The answer seems to lie in the extreme guilt such a person would experience were he to collaborate with the enemy while he is in control of his faculties. His self-image would suffer especially in terms of his values and his identification with comrades, country, etc. For interrogation purposes it would be extremely useful if it were possible to alleviate the guilt of an informant. Let us consider the captive who is in fever and delirious, and who in this condition divulges vital information. By the same token a soldier who leaves his post as a guard is subject to court martial, but if he collapses because of illness he would not be committing a punishable offense. Parenthetically, it may be noted 1 Parenthetically, it may be noted that conditions of interrogation are sometimes conducive to a regression on the part of the source. He is also in a position to reward or punish any predetermined activity on the part of the captive. This tends to create a situation where the individual feels unable to observe any control over himself. This extreme loss of control is handled in a variety of ways, one of which is a regression to a childlike state of dependence on and identification with the aggressor. A discussion of the similarities and differences between this type of situation and hypnosis is given by Gill and Brenman in their recent book (26). It is doubtful that this type of situation is conducive to the induction of hypnosis as we know it. Obviously the creation of an experimental situation even vaguely approximating that of punitive interrogation is well nigh impossible within the legitimate ethical limitations imposed on experimental work. Biderman (11), discussing the compliance of prisoners of war with interrogators, believes that some prisoners adopt a cooperative role because of the need to reassure themselves that they retain some control over their behavior in the coercive situation. Complying "voluntarily" for such cases is less threatening, and may be regarded by them as less shameful, than losing control completely over their actions. This "self-defeating" defense may also play a role in the responses of an antagonistic subject to a hypnotist he fears. At any rate, contemporary United States culture clearly excuses the individual when he is incapacitated. A sophisticated discussion of the relationship of illness to social responsibility is given by Parson (54). Although considerable controversy exists about mental illness as a defense in criminal cases, the fact remains that our courts have become progressively more liberal in this respect. Insanity is accepted in our courts as a valid plea which modifies both verdict and sentence. If he is provided with a situation where he is no longer held responsible for his actions, he may well be "willing" to collaborate with an enemy. Both hypnosis and some of the drugs inducing hypnoidal states are popularly viewed as situations where the individual is no longer master of his own fate and therefore not responsible for his actions. It seems possible then that the hypnotic situation, as distinguished from hypnosis itself, might be used to relieve the individual of a feeling of responsibility for his own actions and thus lead him to reveal information. A simplification of it is undertaken since a more complete discussion would be inappropriate in this context. For example, the prevalence of rumors that semimagical techniques of extracting information are being used over which the informant has absolutely no control might operate in this way. A group of captives who had collaborated, and who could verify that the individual has no control over his actions, would enhance this indoctrination of the new prisoner. The prisoners who did not reveal information might be transferred rather than punished, with vague rumors filtering back as to what had happened.
Buy cheap penisole online. ETO BABA ETO WITH LARA OLUBO & GUEST.