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Studies on of the direct immunofuorescence test in laboratory features of 82 patients seen in the nature of fbrinoid in the collagen cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis pain treatment center houston tx buy discount anacin 525 mg online. Colchicine is effective in features and outcome of 95 patietns with 25 pain treatment herpes zoster cheap anacin master card, 920–924 (1998) pacific pain treatment center victoria bc order genuine anacin line. Dapsone and sulfones in vasculitis seen at a skin referral center in a retrospective study chiropractic treatment for shingles pain order anacin no prescription. Phenotypic heterogeneity of the Improvement in patients with cutaneous pathogenesis, evaluation and prognosis. Structure, function, and therapy in the treatment of leukocytoclastic in 44 patients. The cutaneous 52 Sunderkotter C, Bonsmann G, Sindrilary A, cutaneous Henoch–Schonlein syndrome reaction to soluble antigen–antibody Luger T. Cutaneous multicenter cohort study and review of the vasculitis syndrome responsive to dapsone. The severity of histopathological changes of hepatitis C-associated rheumatic diseases. Refractory urticarial vasculitis epidermal necrolysis: a retrospective review of erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous responsive to anti-B-cell therapy. The hypocomplementemic urticarial arthritis and vasculitis-associated cutaneous persistent ulceration with intravenous vasculitic syndrome: therapeutic response to ulcers. Requests for changes, additions, or corrections should be directed to the Director of the Degree Completion Program, Washburn Hall, extension 2173. Electronic Student Handbook Policy: the University has a moral and legal obligation to inform students of its rules, policies, and guidelines, and to make this information readily available. Student handbook information is available online and may be accessed from any computer that can access the University’s website. 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The tendency to pain medication for dog hip dysplasia generic anacin 525mg with visa attribute your successes to sciatic pain treatment pregnancy purchase anacin american express (D) Cognitive dispositional factors and your failures to pain management treatment goals discount 525 mg anacin with amex (E) Client-centered situational factors is called the (A) autokinetic effect (B) hostile attribution bias (C) self-serving bias (D) self-fulfilling prophecy (E) fundamental attribution error Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal treatment guidelines for knee pain order generic anacin canada. Skinner’s behaviorism (B) Phoneme (C) Carl Rogers’ humanistic psychology (C) Morpheme (D) Hans Eysenck’s trait model (D) Syntax (E) William Sheldon’s theory of somatotypes and (E) Semantic temperament 78. According to Johnston and Heinz’s multimode theory of attention, why is it dangerous to drive an automobile while talking on a cell phone The figure above illustrates anything about either the phone conversation or events related to driving. The transformation of energy into electrical Lawrence Kohlberg used moral dilemmas such impulses is as the Heinz dilemma, in which a husband must decide whether to steal a drug to prolong his (A) neural processing wife’s life because they cannot afford the drug. If it is worth risking his life, Hector’s friends all state that the red jelly bean is he will steal the drug. Hector knows (C) the husband should not steal the drug this is not true, but he gives the same answer. Hector’s behavior here is an example of which (D) the husband should steal the drug because of the following concepts What function is served by the white myelin (E) Schwann cell sheath that may cover an axon The inability to recognize a once-familiar face, (A) It protects the axon from overheating. Which of the following is the name given to the (D) sensory neglect process of differentiating oneself from others by (E) transcortical aphasia emphasizing one’s uniqueness When Latoya was younger, she decided which (A) Personality ice cream cone was bigger by always picking the (B) Impression formation taller one. Now that she’s eight years old, she (C) Deindividuation makes more-accurate choices by considering the (D) Individuation width and depth of the cone as well as its height. Gonadal hormones can act early in life to (A) assimilate irreversibly determine a rat’s mate selection (B) use seriation through effects referred to as (C) show formal operations (D) display class inclusion (A) activational (E) decenter (B) distributional (C) initiating 89. Of the following, which is the most plausible (D) organizational source of deficits such as inability to recognize (E) triggering faces, tendency to ignore the left half of the body, and difficulty perceiving visual motion Which of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on the effects of early (A) Different kinds of dietary deficiencies childhood experiences on personality Ability derived directly from previous experience is known as (A) crystallized intelligence (B) fluid intelligence (C) formal operations (D) concrete operations (E) prospective memory Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. Such findings most directly suggest by satisfaction to the animal will, other things that personality development being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation. Skinner (E) Edward Thorndike Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. Shortly after the death of his mother, Michael quit college, terminated all his social relationships and When Dr. Elkin interviewed Michael, she found began an unhealthy diet consisting exclusively of that his behavior was very strange and his thinking sweetened cereals and water. Michael seemed to be father had taken him to see a psychiatrist, who having a conversation with his mother, who he diagnosed Michael as having schizophrenia, and insisted was sitting in the room with him, although recommended psychotherapy and antipsychotic she had died two years earlier. Elkin, he told her that the cashiers at the local Michael’s father indicated that Michael’s grandfather grocery store were intentionally contaminating the also had been classified as exhibiting schizophrenia. On one occasion he harmed a cashier as she picked up the telephone to do a price check. In explaining his action, Michael insisted that he heard his mother’s voice over the loudspeaker telling him to hurt the cashier. Which of the following best represents Michael’s mental disorder according to the diathesis-stress model Diathesis Stress (A) Genetic history of schizophrenia Death of his mother (B) Death of his mother Genetic history of schizophrenia (C) Genetic history of schizophrenia Paranoid beliefs (D) Death of his mother Paranoid beliefs (E) Dropping out of college Death of his mother Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. In the case of Michael, which of the following plotting against him is an example of statements is true regarding the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia Michael reported that he harmed the cashier in (D) Michael’s vehement refusal to take response to an instruction from his dead mother. Which of the following approaches to assessment (C) a gustatory hallucination of intelligence is most consistent with the theories (D) a command hallucination of both Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg Personality disorders are characterized by which Questions 102-103 refer to the following specific symptoms Which of the following are two competing theories of color vision that describe events (A) Between-subjects that take place at different levels of the nervous (B) Within-subjects system In order to determine whether gender, as a (D) Frequency versus pattern specific variable, had an effect on perceived cred (E) Trichromatic versus specificity ibility of the eyewitness, which of the following must be significant Those in the experimental group were told (A) the main effect of gender that they would be listening to tapes with sublim (B) A post hoc analysis of gender inal messages urging them to quit smoking. Those (C) the main effect of status in the control group did not listen to the tapes, nor (D) A post hoc analysis of status were they told about them. A week after listening (E) the interaction between gender and status to the tapes, members of the experimental group had decreased their smoking significantly more than members of the control group. Researchers using a variety of methods, peoples, exam, and I was miserable until I thought and cultures have concluded that five major how terrible it must be for those who got F’s. The traits are Melody’s attitude is an example of which of (A) sociability, suspiciousness, practicality, the following Damage to which area of the brain leads to and self-criticism a decrease in physically aggressive behavior (E) emotional stability, apprehension, social and social rank Mel is doing very well academically in college, (B) Hippocampus but feels academically incompetent. His therapist (C) Amygdala has instructed him to explain in writing how his (D) Basal ganglia hard work and personal abilities contributed to (E) Medial geniculate each of the good grades he received during the previous semester. Consider the following version of an interference of which of the following therapeutic approaches The clinician’s diagnosis best (A) Divided attention task supports which of the following additional (B) Recognition memory of narrative conclusions Sertraline (Zoloft) and fluoxetine (Prozac) are (B) A brief interview with the patient would reveal designed to treat depression by that the patient harbors delusions of grandeur. Some students were informed by their teacher that memory they had scored high on their aptitude tests and (B) its unitary nature had strong potential for academic achievement. Before taking an exam, Sinead imagines that she (B) Elaboration likelihood model will get the worst grade in the class, even though (C) Cognitive dissonance she usually performs very well. Imagining the (D) Norm crystallization worst seems to help her deal with the anxiety (E) Self-fulfilling prophecy associated with the exam. Between eight and ten months of age, babies will (A) Intrinsic motivation watch a parent’s face in a new situation before (B) Defensive pessimism responding to the situation themselves. This (C) Self-handicapping monitoring of adults’ emotional reactions is called (D) Self-monitoring (A) temperament (E) Self-regulation (B) behavioral inhibition (C) social referencing (D) synchrony (E) emotional display Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. When asked to name all of the states in the United brain involves the use of x-rays States, Steven mentally pictures a map and starts naming states from west to east. Damage to the lateral hypothalamus of rats is (E) selective attention known to produce deficits in regulation of 124. Albert recently noticed that he has difficulty (A) respiration hearing people at crowded parties even though (B) pupillary reflexes his hearing seems fine in quiet surroundings. According to a current model, learned (C) stapes helplessness in humans is determined by (D) oval window causal explanations of prior uncontrollable (E) hair cells events. John recently moved to a large city and experienced an increase in the level of noise. The rail service was frequent (C) circular reasoning and maintained a consistent schedule. John was (D) personal constructs awakened frequently each night as trains passed (E) valuations his home. However, after several months he was not awakened and he became less aware of the 121. What mechanism are most often characteristic of accounts for John’s adaptation to his (A) substance-induced persisting amnestic environment
Metabolic Diseases the most common presenting symptoms are fa Amyloidosis tigue joint and pain treatment center santa maria ca order anacin without a prescription, weakness treatment pain behind knee order 525mg anacin mastercard, weight loss pain treatment and wellness center greensburg pa purchase generic anacin pills, edema pain treatment center bluegrass lexington ky buy anacin with a visa, dyspnea, Amyloidosis is a rare metabolic disorder charac hoarseness, bleeding, pain, carpal tunnel syn terized by the extracellular deposition of a fibril drome, etc. Deposition in sufficient amounts in vital tissues the most common cutaneous lesions are purpura, and organs can induce symptoms and signs or even petechiae, papules, nodules, and rarely bullous death. The oral mucosa is based on clinical, histochemical, and immunologic involved early in the course of the disease, and the criteria; primary, secondary, senile, familial. The tongue is characteristically affecting mainly men, usually older than the age of enlarged, firm, and indurated with red-yellowish 50 years. The gingiva is systemic amyloidosis are associated with multiple usually clinically normal. In this form of the disease amyloid lesions is a typical feature of oral amyloidosis. The infiltrates predominantly the gastrointestinal prognosis is unfavorable, with a mean survival tract, joints, skeletal muscles, heart, nervous sys period of about 2 years from the onset of symp tem, skin, oral mucosa, and rarely other organs. Metabolic Diseases Secondary amyloidosis (amyloid A protein reduced mobility of the tongue. Oral paraplegia and other chronic neurologic diseases, infections and ulcers may also be seen. Hoarse ondary amyloidosis infiltrates predominantly the ness is the most characteristic symptom present kidneys, spleen, liver, adrenals, and rarely other from infancy or early childhood and is due to organs. The oral mucosa and the skin are rarely incomplete closure of the vocal cords because of involved. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens is necessary to establish the Treatment. Ascorbic acid, colchicine, steroids, melphalan, and dimethyl sulfoxide have Treatment is supportive. Lipoid Proteinosis Lipoid proteinosis, or hyalinosis cutis et mucosae, or Urbach-Wiethe disease, is a rare hereditary metabolic disorder transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The disease primarily affects the skin, oral mucosa, larynx, and rarely other organs. It is characterized by the deposition of an amor phous hyaline-like material (glycoprotein) in the mucous membranes and skin. Clinically, the early skin changes are characterized by the presence of papules, nodules, and pustules (Fig. These acnelike scars, although more evi dent on the face, are also seen on other skin regions. Verrucous hyperkeratotic lesions in areas exposed to pressure or trauma may also occur. The face, eyelid margin, pressure, and exposed areas are the most frequently affected sites. In young patients the oral changes consist of induration of the lip mucosa and the posterior part of the tongue. By the second decade, granular lesions appear on the lip and papular lesions on the palate and tongue. Metabolic Diseases Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 b Xanthomas the glycogen storage diseases are a group of Xanthomas are papules, nodules, or plaques of genetic disorders involving the metabolic path yellowish color that are due to lipid deposits in the ways of glycogen. The major lipid stored is usu rare severe autosomal recessive metabolic disease ally cholesterol ester, although in some cases tri caused by a defect in the microsomal translocase glycerides are primarily present. The clinical features of classified into several forms and frequently repre the disease are hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, sent the hallmark of particular syndromes. The hepatomegaly, delayed physical development, clinical importance of xanthomas is the fact that bleeding diathesis, short stature, hepatic their presence implies an underlying disease. Oral of the extremities, and in areas of friction and manifestations are frequent and include rapidly repeated minor trauma. The oral mucosa is a rare progressive periodontal disease and recurrent ul location of xanthomas, although they may develop ceration. The oral ulcers appear as discrete, deep, on the lips, gingiva, alveolar mucosa, mucobuccal punched-out lesions a few millimeters to several fold, and buccal mucosa. Clinically, they present centimeters in size, usually covered by whitish as well-circumscribed yellowish plaques that may pseudomembranes (Fig. Metabolic Diseases Porphyrias Hemochromatosis Porphyrias are a rare group of disorders charac Hemochromatosis is an iron-storage disorder of terized by a defect in porphyrin metabolism, unknown cause resulting in deposition of large resulting in overproduction of porphyrins and amounts of iron in the internal organs. The types: erythropoietic (congenital erythropoietic skin acquires a generalized gray-brown pigmenta porphyria, erythropoietic coproporphyria), hepat tion in almost all cases. The oral mucosa shows ic (acute intermittent porphyria, variegate por diffuse homogeneous pigmentation of gray-brown phyria, Chester porphyria, porphyria cutanea or deep brown hue in about 20% of the cases. The tarda, hereditary coproporphyria), and eryth buccal mucosa and the attached gingiva are the rohepatic (erythrohepatic protoporphyria, hepato most frequently involved sites (Fig. Photosensitivity of the tion, major and minor salivary gland involvement skin is seen in almost all types of porphyria. Light-exposed areas of the skin are primarily affected, along with systemic signs and Laboratory tests. Routine laboratory tests may reveal evidence of diabetes mellitus and liver dys symptoms. In addition, the serum determination of rare genetic type characterized by severe cutane iron, transferrin, and ferritin are helpful in estab ous lesions, hemolytic anemia, and splenomegaly. Under ultraviolet light, the teeth exhibit a characteristic reddish pink fluorescence. However, erythema, vesicles, bullae, ulcers, atrophy but no scarring may appear in congenital erythropoietic porphyria and occasion ally in porphyria cutanea tarda. The oral lesions usually develop on the vermilion border of the lips, commissures, labial mucosa, anterior vestibu lar alveolar mucosa, and gingiva (Figs. The differential diagnosis includes epidermolysis bullosa, chronic bullous diseases, lipoid pro teinosis, pellagra, and drug-induced photosen-sitivity. Laboratory tests to establish the diagnosis are biochemical tests, histopathologic examination, and direct immunofluorescence. It the disease is characterized by dysfunction of the is one of the most poorly defined, clinically exocrine glands, particularly the exocrine pan heterogeneous, diagnostically variable, and prog creas, bronchial, tracheal, and gastrointestinal nostically unforeseeable clinical entities. The cardinal manifestations are ease spectrum includes three varieties: Letterer chronic pulmonary infections, pancreatic insuffi Siwe disease, Hand Schuller-Christian disease, ciency, cirrhosis, skeletal disorders, and skin and eosinophilic granuloma. The salivary glands are affected as part ease is the acute disseminated form, which usually of the generalized exocrine gland involvement. Elevated Hand -Schuller-Christian disease is the levels of chloride, potassium and sodium in sweat chronic disseminated form, which has a more and lack of pancreatic enzymes in the duodenal benign course. It usually appears between 3 and 6 fluid are the most reliable diagnostic tests for years of age and affects predominantly boys (2: 1 cystic fibrosis. The oral cavity is fre quently involved in the early stages of the disease, with ulcers, edema, hyperplasia, and necrosis of the gingiva, halitosis, and bad taste (Fig. In cases of involvement of the jaw bones there is loosening of the teeth and severe periodontitis 25. Eosinophilic granuloma, ulcer, and bone destruction of the periodontal tissues between the central and lateral incisor teeth. Delayed healing of the differential diagnosis includes eosinophilic tooth sockets after extraction may be seen. Histopathologic examination and asymptomatic monostotic or polyostotic osteolytic radiographs of the involved areas help to establish bone lesions, and on rare occasions there may be the diagnosis. Corticosteroids and struction may occur, with loosening and loss of cytotoxic agents are used in the generalized forms teeth. Nutritional Disorders Pellagra the differential diagnosis includes stomatitis medicamentosa, erythema multiforme, nutritional Pellagra is a deficiency of nicotinic acid. This is characterized by sharply outlined erythema with scaling; the surface of the lesions is dry and rough, and vesiculobullous lesions may also occur. With time, the skin becomes hard and pigmented, with a marginated darker edge (Fig. The oral mucosa is involved with edema, redness, and an intense burning sensation. The tongue is smooth because of desquamation of the papillae, and painful ulcers may appear (Fig. Gingivitis, dry and fissured lips, angular cheilitis, and dys phagia are also prominent features. Ariboflavinosis Protein Deficiency Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, deficiency may result in Protein deficiency is associated with several severe seborrheic dermatitis, corneal vascularization, pathologic conditions, such as malignant diseases, and, in advanced stages, keratitis and oral lesions.
The initial protocols drew from the methodological quality indicators developed by Gersten and colleagues (2005) for group design and Horner et al laser pain treatment for dogs order anacin discount. Additionally mtus chronic pain treatment guidelines order anacin cheap, examples and non-examples of each protocol item were presented in the training sports spine pain treatment center hartsdale discount anacin 525 mg on-line. The training modules also included instructions for coding descriptive features of articles that were determined as having acceptable experimental methodology pain management and shingles order anacin overnight delivery. Reviewers coded participant information (diagnosis, co-occurring conditions, age), intervention information (name, description, and intervention category), and outcomes (variable name, description, and outcome category). The reviewer’s evaluation was then compared to a master code fle established for the article and their accuracy was calculated. Accuracy was defned as the rater coding the same answer on an item as occurred in the master code fle. In addition, reviewers were required to correctly determine whether the article met mini mum criteria for review eligibility (see the section on inclusion/exclusion criteria). If reviewers met qualif cations and expressed interest in reviewing both types of design, they completed both training Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder modules and had to establish inter-rater agreement with both types Table 4. Most reviewers Masters degree or current graduate student 65 received their degrees in the area of special education or psychol Doctorate 94 ogy and were faculty (current or retired), researchers, or graduate Degree area n students. The formula for inter-rater agreement was total Teaching in classroom setting 109 agreements divided by agreements plus disagreements multiplied Providing intervention in clinical setting 76 by 100%. Analysis and Grouping Literature the review process resulted in 456 articles meeting inclusion criteria for study parameters. Following a constant compara tive method, a category and defnition was created for a practice in the frst outlier study, the intervention practice in the second study was compared to the frst study and if it was not similar, a second practice category and defnition was created. This process continued until studies were either sorted into the new categories or the study remained as an idiosyncratic practice. Seven articles were used to support two different practice categories because it either demonstrated effcacy of two different practices as compared to a control group or baseline phase or the article presented several studies showing effcacy for different practices. These criteria are aligned with criteria proposed by other agencies and organizations (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Kratochwill & Sheroff, 2002; Odom et al. Study Designs Of the 456 studies accepted as providing scientifc evidences, 48 utilized a group design (see Figure 2). Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Participants Table 5. Nature of Literature Base Participants Table 5 contains the number of studies in which a participant Diagnosis* (n) descriptor or co-occurring condition was identifed by authors; this Autism 382 list of descriptors is not mutually exclusive. Genetic syndrome 6 the majority of the participants in studies were children Learning disability 5 between the ages of 6 and 11 years, with preschool-aged children Developmental delay 5 (3–5 years) also participating in a large proportion of studies (see Mental Illness 3 Figure 3). Relatively fewer studies included children below three Other (i e, neurological disorder, 16 hyperthyroidism, Tourette syndrome, years of age. While a substantial minor otitis media) ity of studies included participants above 12 years of age, this *Studies may have reported more than one diagnosis and/or co-occurring condition number declined as the ages increased. Play and joint attention were also reported in a considerable number of stud ies, perhaps refecting the large representa tion in the literature of studies with pre school children. However, school readiness and pre-academic/academic outcomes also 1 Wong, Odom, Hume, Cox, Fettig, Kucharczyk, Brock, Plavnick, Fleury & Schultz appeared in a substantial number of studies, Table 6. Outcomes Identifed In Studies perhaps refecting the elementary school Studies Outcomes related to (n) age range of participants in many studies. Use of toys or leisure materials Cognitive Also, Appendix 2 contains a fact sheet for Performance on measures of intelligence, executive function, problem 15 each intervention, with the defnition of the solving, information processing, reasoning, theory of mind, memory, creativity, or attention intervention, the type of outcomes it has School Readiness Skills 67 generated, the age range of participants, and Performance during a task that is not directly related to task content citations for the specifc articles that provide Pre-Academic/Academic 58 Performance on tasks typically taught and used in school settings the evidence for the effcacy of the practice. Motor the evidence-based practices consist of Movement or motion, including both fne and gross motor skills, or 18 related to sensory system/sensory functioning interventions that are fundamental applied Adaptive/Self-Help 55 behavior analysis techniques. Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Table 7. This table refects the limited number of interventions that have been directed to vocational and mental health outcomes. The table refects the point made previously that much of the research has been conducted with children (age <15 years) rather than adolescents and young adults. Other Practices with Empirical Support Some focused intervention practices had empirical support from the literature but did not meet the methodological criteria established for this review. Behavioral momentum interventions, direct instruction, independent work systems, joint attention and symbolic play instruction, music therapy, and reciprocal imitation 2 Wong, Odom, Hume, Cox, Fettig, Kucharczyk, Brock, Plavnick, Fleury & Schultz training are examples of such interventions, which will be discussed in the next chapter. Inter ventions with only one study providing support should be treated with the most caution, which is also discussed in the next chapter. Evidence-Based Practices In this review, 27 focused intervention practices meet the evidence-based criteria, as compared to 24 practices identifed in the previous review (see Table 11). They were sup ported by more recent research (1997–2011) in combination with studies published during the 1990-97 time period. Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Table 11. Because the empirical support for interventions is derived from two different methodologies. Other practices did have multiple studies but fell below the minimum number of studies required. Other practices were also supported by multiple demonstrations of effcacy, but all the studies were conducted by one research group. For teaching different math skills, Cihak and colleagues (Cihak & Foust, 2008; Fletcher et al. This focus on academic outcomes has emerged primarily in post-2007 and appears to represent a trend in current and possibly future research. It is important to repeat the cautionary note mentioned in the previous chapter about the amount of evidence available to demonstrate the effcacy of these essentially “undocumented” 3 Wong, Odom, Hume, Cox, Fettig, Kucharczyk, Brock, Plavnick, Fleury & Schultz interventions. Review Process the current report updates a previous review of the literature conducted fve years ago (Odom, Collet-Klingenberg, et al. As noted, limiting this review to the previous two decades is consistent with the procedures followed by other research synthesis organizations, such as the What Works Clearinghouse ies. The process followed in this review improved on the previous study evaluation criteria. First, we acknowledge that we are missing studies that occurred before 1990, although one might expect early. The age range of participants in the studies reviewed was from birth to 22, or the typical school years. This is important information for early intervention and service providers for school-age children and youth. Last, in this review, we placed the emphasis on identifying the practices that are efficacious. It provides no information about practices that researchers documented as not having an effect or for practices that have deleterious effects. The distinction between evidence-based programs and evidence-supported pro grams is an important one (Cook & Cook, 2013). Such a process begins with the precise identifcation of individual goals and their statement in an objec tive and measureable manner. Practitioners should, however, factor in other information in determining the intervention or teaching strategy for individual students. The majority of the intervention studies over the last 20 years have been conducted with preschool-age and elementary school-age children. In addition, while acknowledging that we did not collect informa tion about race/ethnic/cultural diversity and underrepresented groups in this review, it is our informed opinion (from reading hundreds of studies), that most of the participants in the studies were either White-Caucasian or their race/ethnicity was not described. Similarly, information about children’s or their families’ socioeconomic status is rarely provided in studies. A needed feature of future intervention research is to include a more diverse set of participants than has occurred in the past and examine differences in treatment outcomes that may occur. The prospect of better outcomes, however, is couched on the need for translating scientifc results into intervention practices that service providers may access and providing professional development and support for implementing the practices with fdelity. Such move ment, from science to practice is a clear challenge and also an important next step for the feld. The effects of a high-probability request sequencing technique in enhancing transition behaviors. Effects of high-probability requests on the social interactions of young children with severe disabilities.
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