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Flagellation: A masochistic or sadistic act in which one or both participants derive stimulation herbs de provence recipes cheap 100 caps herbolax fast delivery, usually erotic herbals dictionary buy herbolax us, from whipping or being whipped zordan herbals purchase herbolax 100 caps with mastercard. Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences 165 Fliess herbs pool order herbolax 100 caps on line, Wilhem (1858–1928): Berlin nose and throat specialist who shared an early interest with Freud in the physiology of sex and entered into a prolonged correspondence that figures importantly in the records of Freud’s self analysis. Freud was influenced by Fliess’S concept of bisexuality and his theory of the periodicity of sex functions. Flight into health: Phrase used to describe the rapid symptomatic recovery sometimes displayed by patients who wish to avoid psychoanalytical investigation. Flight into illness: Phrase used to describe the escape from conflict achieved by developing symptoms. Flight of ideas: A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic, usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on wards. Flight of ideas is most frequently seen in Manic episodes, but may also be observed in some cases of Organic Mental Disorders, Schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and occasionally, acute reactions to stress. Flooding (implosion): A behaviour therapy procedure for phobias and other problems involving maladaptive anxiety, in which anxiety producers are presented in intense forms, either in imagination or in real life. The presentations are continued until the stimuli no longer produce disabling anxiety. Fluid intelligence: A general relation-perceiving capacity which represents one’s potential intelligence somewhat independent of socialization and education. Focal conflict theory: Theory elaborated by Thomas French in 1952 that explains the behaviour of a person as an expression of his method of solving currently experienced personality conflicts that 166 Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences originated very early in his life, he constantly resonates to those early life conflicts. Focal therapy: An approach to psychotherapy in which a specific focus (problem) is identified early in the therapy and efforts are concentrated on this focus for the remainder treatment. The method was developed as part of the attempt to make psychotherapy shorter and more cost-effective. Folie a deux: A condition in which two closely related persons, usually in the same family, share the same delusions. Forensic psychiatry: the branch of psychiatry that is concerned with the legal aspects of mental illness. Includes work on reliability of witnesses, evidence given by children, the consequences for children of possible court actions, and the causes of criminal behaviour. Fore-pleasure and end-pleasure: the terms enable the pleasure associated with erotic activity to be divided into (a) that associated with mounting tension, fore-pleasure, and (b) that associated with reduction of tension, end-pleasure, the former being a tension-affect, and latter a discharge-affect. Forgetting: Broadly speaking, theories of forgetting can be stored into seven major approaches; decay theory (the idea that memory traces gradually decay overtime, unless strengthened by being retrieved); interference theory; amnesia brought about through physical causes; motivated forgetting; lack of appropriate cues for retrieval; lack of the relevant Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences 167 context for retrieval; and inadequate processing during storage (see levels of processing theory). Formal operational stage: the last of piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. In the formal operational stage, the individual has become capable of abstract thought and can conceptualize possibilities which are outside of direct experience. Piaget considered this to be the highest form of cognitive, and one which is shown only in human beings, and from the age of about 12 years at the earliest. The proceeding stages he viewed as steps towards this point, which, on the basis that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, illustrated the stages by which abstract logic must have evolved. See also sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, genetic epistemology. The boundaries of the concept are not clear and there is no consensus as to which disturbances in speech or thoughts are included in the concept. See loosening of associations, incoherence, poverty of content of speech, neologisms, perseveration, blocking, echolalia, changing. Formication: A tactile hallucination involving the sensation that tiny insects are crawling over the skin. His work combines Moreno’s ideas–the here-and-now, the sociogenesis, the social atom, the psychological network-with psychoanalytic views. Free association: Investigative psychoanalytic technique devised by Freud in which the patient seeks 168 Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences to verbalize without reservation or censorship the passing contents of his mind. Free-floating anxiety: Severe, pervasive, generalized anxiety that is not attached to any particular idea, object, or event. It is observed particularly in anxiety disorders, although it may be seen in some cases of schizophrenia. Free recall: In memory experiments, retrieval of stored items in any order by the subjects. Free will: the idea that, contrary to the claims of determinism, the decisions and actions of agents are not foreordained whether by the fate or by God’s knowledge or by laws psychology or neurophysiology. Frequency distribution: A statistical description of raw data in terms of the number of cases that fall into each interval within a set of data. Freud, Anna (1895–1982): Austrian psychoanalyst and daughter of Sigmund Freud, noted for her contributions to the development theory of psychoanalysis and its applications to preventive work with children. With Josef, Breuer, he explored the potentialities of cathartic therapy, then went on to develop the analytic technique and such fundamental concepts of mental phenomena as the unconscious, infantile sexuality, repression, sublimation, and super go, ego, and id formation and their applications throughout all spheres of human behaviour. Cocaine, Conscious, Death instinct, Dream, Drive, Ego, Free association, Hypnoid state, id, infantile sexuality, Instinct, Interpretation of dreams, Inversion, Latent homosexuality, Life instinct, Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Oedipus complex, Parapraxis, Penies envy, Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences 169 Preconteria, Superego, Three Essays on the Theory of sexuality, Unconscious, Vienna Psychoanalytic, Society, Wednesday Evening Society. Freudian slip: A mistake which can be interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes, fears, etc. Freud argued that all apparently accidental happenings reveal something of the unconscious. Frigidity: In the female, lack of sexual response or feeling, ranging from complete lack of arousal to incomplete climax. Frotteur: A person who becomes sexually aroused by rubbing up against someone, usually without specific genital contract, as in a crowd. Frustration-aggression hypothesis: the proposal, particularly associated with Leon Berkowitz, that aggression is always caused by some kind of frustration. This theoretical model has achieved widespread popularity, and is supported by comparative studies of overcrowding in animals as well as by studies of human behaviour. Fugue: A dissociate disorder characterized by a period of almost complete amnesia during which the person actually flees from his immediate life situation and begins a different life pattern. Functional: Referring to changes in functioning not attributable to known organic alterations. Functional fixedness: A form of einstellung, or mental set, in which the individual is unable to deviate from using objects in a manner consistent with the normal functioning. So, for instance, in a problemsolving exercise, functional fixedness may prevent someone from realizing that something like a jug usually used to contain liquids, could also be turned upside-down and used as a support. Concepts such as adaptation and role, and therapeutic methods such as systemic family therapy represent a functionalist approach. According to Freud, furor therapeuticus is against the long-term interests of patients being analysed. Future shock: One of several theories about the stress imposed by transitions and life events. The idea was introduced in a book with that title by Alevin Toffler to describe what he claimed were the traumatic effects of our present rapid progress into the future. Toffler proposed that people could be protected against the effects of change by maintaining some areas of stability in their lives. Galton, Sir Francis 1822–1911): Born in Sparkbrook, Birmingham, England, he was a Pioneer in the study of individual differences and in the application of statistical techniques to psychological problems. His important contributions were “The art of travel”, Inquiries into human faculty, “Hereditary genius” and “word Association Test”. It refers to the electrical resistance of the skin, which changes as a result of increases in the rate of sweating. Gambler’s fallacy: A belief that if a chance event occurs, then it is less likely to occur on the next trail. If red comes up several times running on a roulette wheel there is a (mistaken) tendency to believe that black is more likely on the next throw. This universal tendency has been of interest to 172 Dictionary of Psychology & Allied Sciences cognitive theorists as it is a failure to follow probabilistic logic and so may shed light on how humans assess probability. It may best be seen to reflect the fact that genuine instances of “random’ sampling without replacement’ are uncommon in real life and not as a failure to judge probabilities acutely. The gambler’s fallacy is therefore a normally effective strategy which becomes inappropriate in certain, rather artificial, circumstances. Game: the psychological uses of this term are similar to the ordinary meaning except that the idea of playfulness is usually absent.
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Decreased myocardial contractility and inappropriate cardiac output may produce hemodynamic fragility herbs coins buy herbolax 100 caps on line. Life threatening infections occur due to herbals on demand reviews buy discount herbolax 100caps on-line suppressed leukocyte chemotactic function herbals medicine order herbolax online from canada, lymphocyte suppression herbalsolutionscacom order discount herbolax on line, and loss of skin barrier. Current management/treatment the treatment in the immediate post-burn period is aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation with crystalloid. Patients with full-thickness burns, inhalation injury, or resuscitation delay may have greater fluid requirements. These survival results are confounded, however, by the fact that the mortality in both groups was greater than predicted. Is there a role for plasmapheresis/exchange transfusion in the treatment of the septic burn patientfi Effect of plasma the effect of plasma exchange on lymphocyte suppression after exchange therapy on circulating fibronectin in burned patients. Resources for Optimal Care of the Gibbons L, Holavanahalli R, Hunt C, Keller K, Kirk E, Laird J, Burn Patient. Plasma-exchange M, Savetamal A, Simpson P, Traber D, Traber L, Nedelec B, therapy during burn shock. The beneficial effects of plasma exchange after Plasma exchange therapy in patients failing to resuscitate from severe burn injury. Forty-one percent (41%) of neonates have at least one other affected sibling; there is a 17% chance of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. Multiple case series and reports have been published with varying success and regimens. This group used a similar regimen for 2 previous (successful reversion of 2nd degree) and 4 future (no reversion of 2nd or 3rd degree) pregnancies. Buyon J, Roubey R, Swersky S, Pompeo L, Parke A, Baxi L, M, Favaro M, Calligaro A, Grava C, Hoxha A, Pengo V, Punzi Winchester R. A combination therapy protocol of plasmapheresis, intraverence and therapeutic approach to prevention. J Rheumatol nous immunoglobulins and betamethasone to treat anti-Ro/La1988;15:1104–1108. Di Mauro A, Caroli Casavola V, Favia Guarnieri G, Calderoni L, Gerosa M, Mosca M, Ghirardello A, Tani C, Motta M, G, Cicinelli E, Laforgia N. Tonello M, Ruffatti A, Marson P, Tison T, Marozio L, Hoxha J; American Heart Association Adults With Congenital HeartDiA, De Silvestro G, Punzi L. Transfusion Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Council on Cardio2015;55:1782–1786. Successful preventive cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart treatment of congenital heart block during pregnancy in a Association. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a strategy to avoid stable third-degree heart blockfi Because many past studies focusing on desensitization were performed with older medical regimens, they should be assessed with consideration for newer agents, such as bortezomib. However, there was no significant difference in the time to first episode of rejection, incidence of hemodynamic compromise, or survival at 6 and 12 months. A consensus conference report on the sensitized patient awaiting heart transplantation discusses several aspects of this process (Colvin, 2015). Rationale for therapeutic apheresis Highly sensitized patients in need of cardiac transplantation face challenges in obtaining a compatible allograft. Apheresis techniques have helped to avoid the intensive use of immunosuppressives and provide adjunctive therapy in desensitization and rejection protocols. Treatments are typically continued until improvement/stabilization of symptoms occurs. Photopheresis for recurrent acute rejection heart/cardiac transplantation, cellular rejection, humoral rejection, in cardiac transplantation. References of the identified articles were searched for addithe long-term outcome of treated sensitized patients who undergo tional cases and trials. Outcomes in highly sensitized pediatric heart transplant with hemodynamic compromise: objective evidence for efficacy patients using current management strategies. Management of the sensitized rejection: effects on graft intimal hyperplasia in cardiac transcardiac recipient: the use of plasmapheresis and intravenous plantation. Photopheresis for the prevention of rejection in strategy to shorten left ventricular assist device support. Rapid reduction in donor-specific antidiology; American Heart Association Heart Failure and Transhuman leukocyte antigen antibodies and reversal of antibodyplantation Committee of the Council on Cardiopulmonary mediated rejection with bortezomib in pediatric heart transplant Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; American Heart patients. Patel J, Everly M, Chang D, Kittleson M, Reed E, Kobashigawa Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; American J. Reduction of alloantibodies via proteasome inhibition in carHeart Association Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee diac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:1320– of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascu1326. Plasmapheresis with intraCardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; American Heart venous immunoglobulin G is effective in patients with elevated Association Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the panel reactive antibody prior to cardiac transplantation. Plasmaedge in diagnosis and management: a scientific statement from pheresis followed by intravenous immunoglobulin in presensithe American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131:1608– tized patients awaiting thoracic organ transplantation. Therapeutic apheresis in transantibody-mediated rejection in heart transplantation. Am J plantation medicine, experience with cardiac and lung transplanTransplant 2013;13:1069–1074. Effect of plasmaesis for clinically compromised patients after heart transplantapheresis for acute humoral rejection after heart transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; improves cardiac allograft function in patients with presumed 176:120–128. The most commonly affected sites by thrombosis are small vessels of the kidneys, lungs, brain, heart and skin, although large vessel thrombosis may also occur. However, the therapeutic approach has three clear aims: treat any precipitating factors, prevent and control ongoing thrombosis, and suppress the excessive cytokine production. Anticoagulation with heparin serves to both inhibit clot generation and promote clot fibrinolysis. Glucocorticosteroids at a usual dosage of 1,000 mg methylprednisolone for 3–5 days are administered to control inflammation. The role of rituximab and eculizimab, particularly for relapse prevention, remains unclear and research is ongoing. Technical notes Plasma as the replacement fluid repletes natural anticoagulants such as antithrombin and proteins C and S. Since plasma antithrombin is essential to mediate anticoagulation with heparin, the use of albumin alone as replacement fluid may prevent the beneficial effect of heparin unless levels of antithrombin are serially monitored and heparin anticoagulation is adequate by laboratory monitoring. Some have followed antiphospholipid antibody titers to monitor response to treatment (Flamholz, 1999). Cervera R, Rodrfiguez-Pinto I, Colafrancesco S, Conti F, Valesini G, Rosario C, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y, Ferrao~ C, As of November 3, 2015, using PubMed and journals published in Faria R, Vasconcelos C, Signorelli F, Espinosa G. Rituximab Registry Project Group (European Forum on Antiphospholipid use in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: descriptive Antibodies). Therapeutic Niedzwiecki M, Espinosa G; Catastrophic Registry Project plasma exchange for the acute management of the catastrophic Group (European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies). Pediantiphospholipid syndrome: b2-glycoprotein I antibodies as a atric catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: descriptive analymarker of response to therapy. The hallmarks of the syndrome are intractable focal seizures resistant to anticonvulsant drugs, progressive unilateral cerebral atrophy leading to progressive hemiparesis, loss of function in the affected cerebral hemisphere, and cognitive decline. The etiology is unknown, but antecedent infection with Epstein–Barr virus, herpes simplex, enterovirus, or cytomegalovirus has been implicated. Cytomegalovirus genome has been found in resected cortical tissue of three adult patients with Rasmussen encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is typically normal, although mild lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated protein may be found. Current management/treatment Treatment aims to reduce seizure activity and frequency and improve the functional long-term outcome, as measured by both motor and cognitive performance. Anticonvulsants are necessary, but not always effective, nor do they arrest progression of the disease. Subtotal, functionally complete hemispherectomy may markedly reduce seizure activity in a majority of patients but results in permanent contralateral hemiplegia.
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When a person is exposed once again to herbs de provence uses buy herbolax 100caps online the allergen herbals in your mouth purchase herbolax paypal, it binds to herbals for blood pressure order herbolax 100 caps fast delivery the antibodies on the mast cells and causes them to ridgecrest herbals anxiety free buy cheap herbolax 100caps line release histamine and leukotrienes, which produce the symptoms associated with an allergic response. In delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, also known as cell-mediated immunity, other allergens, such as poison ivy and nickel, activate allergen-specifc lymphocytes (memory T-cells) at the site of contact (usually the skin) that release substances that cause infammation and tissue damage. Some allergic responses, such as those to food allergens, may involve a combination of allergen-specifc lymphocyte-driven and IgE-driven infammation. Allergic responses may manifest in specifc tissues (such as the skin, eyes, airways, and gastrointestinal tract) or may result in a system-wide response called anaphylaxis. These diseases affect both men and women, but most of them affect more women than men (Fairweather et al. Genetic predisposition, age, hormone status, and environmental factors, such as the presence of infectious diseases and stress, are known to affect the risk of developing autoimmune diseases. Different autoimmune diseases can occur in the same person and tend to cluster in families. The development of one autoimmune condition is also a risk factor for the development of other immune-related diseases and for some types of cancer (Landgren et al. Autoimmunity occurs when an individual’s immune system fails to recognize self and attacks tissues as though they were foreign. Inappropriate immune responses that cause autoimmunity originate with either cell-mediated or humoral-mediated immune systems and can be directed against a wide variety of tissues or organs. For example, the autoimmune reaction in multiple sclerosis targets the myelin sheath of nerve axons; in Crohn’s disease, the intestinal epithelium; in type 1 diabetes mellitus, the insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas; and in rheumatoid arthritis, the joint synovium and other proteins associated with connective tissue. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which multiple organs are targeted by a variety of autoantibodies. Patients display a variety of non-specifc signs and symptoms such as joint pain or fatigue that makes timely diagnosis challenging. A characteristic rash across the cheeks and nose and a sensitivity to sunlight are common symptoms, but oral ulcers, arthritis, pleurisy, proteinuria, and neurologic signs may also be present. The cause of systemic lupus erythematosus is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors have been implicated. The environmental factors that are thought to trigger it include infections, antibiotics (especially those in the sulfa and penicillin groups) and some other drugs, ultraviolet radiation, extreme stress, and hormones (Kamen, 2014). Occupational exposures to such chemicals as crystalline silica, solvents, and pesticides have also been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (Cooper and Parks, 2004; Parks and Cooper, 2005). Infammatory Diseases Infammatory diseases (also referred to as auto-infammatory diseases) make up a more recently identifed category of immune-related disorders and are characterized by exaggerated, excessively prolonged, or misdirected dysfunctional infammatory responses (usually involving immune cells). Tissue disease can result from this inappropriate infammation, which can affect virtually any organ. Examples of the diseases and other conditions that are most often included in other disease categories but that are also considered to be infammatory diseases are: coronary artery disease, asthma, eczema, chronic sinusitis, hepatic steatosis, psoriasis, celiac disease, and prostatitis. Infammatory diseases often co-occur with one another, which has resulted in the categorizing of different but linked infammatory diseases together as a single chronic infammatory disorder (Borensztajn et al. It is one component of the normal host response to infection and is mediated by innate and adaptive immunity. Innate infammatory responses involve the rapid mobilization of macrophages, granulocytes, and natural killer cells to the area of infection, where they produce toxic metabolites that kill pathogens. The adaptive immune response follows with specifc antibodies and cell-mediated immunity that add to the infammatory process. Interactions among innate immune cells and epithelial and endothelial cells are important in regulating the magnitude of infammation, and improperly regulated infammation can contribute to diseases that arise in non-lymphoid tissues, such as the lungs, skin, nervous system, endocrine system, and reproductive system. Inappropriate infammation also appears to play a role in promoting the growth of neoplasms (Bornschein et al. Two studies of Vietnam veterans reported a statistically signifcant difference of single immune measures of veterans exposed to Agent Orange compared with veterans without diseases and with age-matched healthy controls. Thus, there were no consistent fndings indicative of immunosuppression, an increased risk of autoimmunity (usually as measured with autoantibodies), or biomarkers of atopy or allergy (such as increased IgE concentrations). A few studies also included disease or condition end points, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, immune suppression, and sensitivity to fungal infection. Some studies identifed one or more dioxin-related shifts in immune measures, but many reported no signifcant differences in the same measures. Several environmental exposure studies have been published, with inconsistent fndings. Some studies reported alterations in immune measures associated with dioxin exposure. However, several studies of the Times Beach population, another dioxin-exposed population, did not fnd any alteration of the delayed type hypersensitivity response (Knutsen, 1984; Stehr et al. Results were presented for three categories of arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis, infective arthritis, and osteoarthrosis. Specifc pesticide exposures included exposure to herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba and to several insecticides and fungicides; only 2,4-D, and dicamba are considered relevant to committee’s charge. Cases in which disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or other medications for rheumatoid arthritis were identifed were considered to be probable instances of rheumatoid arthritis, and those individuals for whom a medical record review allowed confrmation of the diagnosis were considered to be defnite cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Surveys collected information on age, tobacco use, menopausal status, childhood farm exposure, non-specifc household and specifc farm pesticide exposure, farm activities related to pesticides and other activities such as sun exposure, exposure to solvents and exposure to pesticides through mixing or application. Cases reported in phase I were considered prevalent, that is, as having developed before the start of the study. The effect estimate was not presented for incident cases of rheumatoid arthritis and dicamba exposure because there were fewer than 5 cases. Thus, this study does not support an association of 2,4-D in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. The strengths of the study are the sample size, duration of follow-up, and specifc pesticide data. The self-reported nature of the exposure without quantifcation could lead to underor over-estimation as well as a misclassifcation of the agents of exposure. Though the statistical methods for handling missing data were sound, there was a variety of missing data. From the original cohort of 1,025 workers, 631 were living, had a current address in New Zealand, and were below 80 years of age on January 1, 2006. The survey, which was administered in 2007–2008 by face-to-face interview, collected information on demographic factors and health information, including doctor-diagnosed conditions and year of diagnosis. Therefore, the authors could not determine which of the agents were associated with a specifc outcome or to what extent. Each of the men had worked at the factory for at least 1 year, and, for the rheumatoid arthritis analysis, they were compared with 32 presumed non-exposed workers (clerks, managers, and watchmen) or the standardized general population of Region Trentino-Alto Adige (where the factory was located) because there were few non-exposed foundry workers and high attrition rates. Company and medical records were used to determine vital status; cause of death was determined from death certifcates or other registries. The workers were followed from M arch 19, 1979 (or their frst day of employment) through December 31, 2009, or their date of death. The analysis for rheumatoid arthritis was limited to 235 workers, and effect estimates were calculated using Mantel-Haenszel tests. This study is most limited by the fact that foundry dust is a complex mixture, which results in an inability to discern the impact of the specifc contaminants of the foundry dust on the health outcomes of those exposed workers. The exposure to foundry dust by the general population that was used for comparison was not discussed, although the foundry appears to be in the local vicinity, and emissions from it were reported to be present within a 2-kilometer radius of the foundry. The exposed individuals (36 women and 24 men) had lived near the Da Nang Air base for more than 10 years. The controls were healthy men and women recruited from unsprayed areas in northern Vietnam. Next the investigators looked at the range of conditions reported in the exposed subjects. The main strength of this study of Vietnamese individuals living near the Da Nang air base is the availability of serum dioxin levels. While the levels of proinfammatory cytokines were signifcantly elevated in the exposed population, they did not correlate with serum dioxin levels. While there were more cases of rheumatoid arthritis in the exposed population than in the general population, neither the dioxin levels nor pro-infammatory cytokines were compared between exposed people with and without rheumatoid arthritis. The study demonstrates an increased expression of pro-infammatory cytokines in persons exposed to dioxins, but there is no information on lifestyle habits, tobacco, obesity, or other rheumatologic disorders or family history that may confound the fndings. Other Identifed Studies Several other studies were identifed by the committee but either lacked suffcient exposure specifcity or examined biologic markers of effect on the immune system that do not relate to a diagnosable health outcome; these studies were not considered further.
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