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Second erectile dysfunction doctor edmonton order vigrx plus now, the article looked at what is known about offenders buy erectile dysfunction drugs uk purchase discount vigrx plus, including data on juvenile offenders and incest offenders erectile dysfunction medicine in bangladesh cheap vigrx plus 60caps free shipping. Third erectile dysfunction pump how to use cheap vigrx plus express, the article discussed recidivism and the difficulty of determining recidivism rates, with a summary of what is known about recidivism of untreated offenders. Fourth, the article looked at treatment, including mechanisms for getting offenders in to treatment, goals and types of treatment, the efficacy of treatment, and the need for post-incarceration moni to ring and long term treatment. Coercion and sex offenders: Controlling sex offending behavior through incapacitation and treatment. This article examined the dual roles that coercion has played in treating sex offenders and controlling their behavior. In addition, the article suggested a theoretical explanation for the apparent effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating sex offenders. The authors suggested that coercion has served two primary and important roles: incapacitation and ensuring entry in to and retention in treatment. However, the authors reported that as efforts to assess the overall effectiveness of sex offender treatment continue, self-determination theory and organism integration theory offer some possible insight in to the apparent effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and suggest a number of alternative dependent measures that can be used to assess overall effectiveness of sex offender treatment. Although the current reliance on dependent measures such as recidivism and refunding may speak to the overall effectiveness of treatment, it does not reveal much about the treatment process itself. According to the authors, this knowledge is essential in terms of ongoing efforts to further improve treatment effectiveness. This article points out that cognitive-behavioral treatment has emerged as the principal type of sex offender treatment targeting deviant arousal, increasing appropriate sexual desires, modifying dis to rted thinking, and improving interpersonal coping skills. The authors indicated that since 1995, 19 treatment studies have been published, and a third demonstrated positive treatment effects and used sound methodological principals to establish the most effective way of reducing sexual reoffending. This article reviewed such studies and concluded that meta analytical studies of treatment efficacy provide conflicting viewpoints. Further, the meta-analysis by Hall (1995) reported a small but robust treatment effect. Further, the authors suggested that treatment efficacy may be better served by exploring which dynamic fac to rs affect recidivism in order to facilitate the forensic 125 practitioner when assessing if the offender is released back in to the community. Research on those dynamic fac to rs associated with the environment, opportunity to offend, and changes in criminogenic fac to rs, once integrated in to treatment programs, would contribute to reducing the recidivism rates. One reason some studies fail to find significant treatment results is that the base rates for sexual reoffending are relatively small. By virtue of the sample, programs that target lower risk offenders are likely to have difficulty in demonstrating treatment effects in already low rates of recidivism. The Effectiveness of Treatment of Sexual Offenders: Report of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, Collaborative Data Research Committee, November 3, 2000. This report outlined the treatment effectiveness for reducing sexual offense recidivism and general recidivism through evaluation of studies used in the meta-analysis. Found that reductions in both sexual recidivism (17% to 10%) and general recidivism (51% to 32%) are possible when current treatment programs are evaluated with credible designs. Hall performed a meta-analysis on 12 studies of treatment with sexual offenders (N=1,313). A small, but robust, overall effect size was found for treatment versus non-treatment. Cognitive behavioral treatment and hormonal treatment reduced recidivism by approximately 30% (from 27% to 19%). He also found that studies with longer follow-up periods that included outpatients in their samples had larger effects as did those with higher base-rates. Cognitive-behavioral treatment was found to be superior to behavioral treatment and as effective as hormonal treatment. Even though this article primarily reviewed recidivism studies, it does discuss treatment effectiveness with regard to recidivism. Evidence from 61 follow-up studies was examined to identify the fac to rs most strongly related to recidivism among sexual offenders. With regard to treatment, examination of these studies found that offenders who failed to complete treatment were at increased risk for both sexual and general recidivism. The article stated that reduced risk could be due to treatment effectiveness; alternatively, high-risk offenders may be those most likely to quit, or be terminated, from treatment. The current review suggested that treatment programs can contribute to community safety through their ability to moni to r risk. Further, there is reliable evidence that those offenders who attend and cooperate with treatment programs are less likely to re-offend than those who rejected intervention. This meta-analytic review examined the effectiveness of treatment by summarizing data from 43 studies (combined n = 9,454). Most of the studies in the review were produced after 1995 and 23% were only available after 1999. When averaged across all studies, the sexual offense recidivism rate was lower for the treatment groups. Current treatments were associated with reductions in sexual 126 recidivism and general recidivism. The recidivism rates for treated sex offenders were lower than the recidivism rates of untreated sex offenders. Studies comparing treatment completers to dropouts consistently found higher recidivism rates for the dropouts, regardless of the type of treatment provided. This study examined the long-term recidivism rates of male child molesters who were released from a maximum-security Ontario provincial prison between 1958 and 1974. The treatment group in this study included child molesters who were treated between 1965 and 1973. The treatment program aimed to increase the social competence of the offenders through individual and group counseling and by creating a therapeutic milieu that encouraged the men to recognize and correct social and sexual adjustment problems. The offenders also received aversive conditioning training to decrease their sexual interest in children. Because the program was designed in the 1960s, it was not informed by the subsequent developments in the field, such as relapse prevention and various cognitive-behavioral techniques. Results of this study found that the child molesters who were enrolled in the treatment program showed clinically significant improvements on almost all of the mental health and personality measures used in this study. Forty-two percent of the sample engaged in another sexual of serious offense and ten percent of the participants were reconvicted. The fac to rs found to have an affect on recidivism include previous sexual offenses, never having been married, and victim preference. Incest offenders were the least likely to recidivate whereas those who selected only male victims were at the greatest risk of recidivism. However, the lack of equivalent measures on a control group limited the extent to which these changes could be attributed to the treatment program itself. The authors concluded that sexual offense recidivism is most likely to be prevented when interventions attempt to address the life-long potential for re-offense and do not expect child molesters to be permanently “cured” following a single set of treatment sessions. Recidivism among treated sexual offenders and matched controls: Data from the Regional Treatment Centre. Follow-up data are reported on 89 sexual offenders at the Regional Treatment Centre in Ontario and 89 untreated sex offenders matched for pretreatment risk. The treated participants were less likely to be convicted for either sexual or nonsexual offenses, and those who were reconvicted spent significantly less time incarcerated than the untreated participants at the time of follow-up. These data suggested not only that treatment resulted in fewer incarcerations but also that when the treated participants were convicted, they tended to receive shorter sentences than the untreated group. The authors suggested that if shorter sentences reflect less severe offenses, then treatment had an impact not only on the number of offenses but also on the severity of these offenses. The data concerning the actual number of offenses indicated that treatment was effective in reducing the number of new offenses when offenders do recidivate. Outcome data is presented, grouped in to five year cohorts, for 7,275 sexual offenders entering a cognitive-behavioral treatment program. The assessment variables included treatment completion, self-admission of covert and/or overt deviant behaviors, the presence of deviant sexual arousal, or being recharged for any sexual crime (regardless of plea or conviction). It proved possible to follow 62% for the cohort at five years after initiating treatment, but follow-up 127 completion rates decreased with time. Outcomes were significantly different based on offender subtype, with child molesters and exhibitionists achieving better overall success than pedophiles or rapists. Prematurely terminating treatment was a strong indica to r of committing a new sexual offense.
These are represented by the common fac to erectile dysfunction nofap discount 60 caps vigrx plus with mastercard r model erectile dysfunction muse order vigrx plus visa, bidirectional model erectile dysfunction va disability rating order vigrx plus 60 caps otc, secondary substance use disorder model and secondary psychiatric disorder models erectile dysfunction causes wiki buy discount vigrx plus on line. The general issues and concepts of dual diagnosis are applicable to the co-morbidity of substance use disorders and psychotic disorders. These have been covered in the previous clinical practice guidelines for the assessment and management of substance use disorders published by Indian Psychiatric 7 Society. Even the studies that have analyzed the rate of this co-occurrence have been limited by small sample size. Epidemiological studies that have assessed co-morbidity of substance use disorders with psychotic disorders and found that alcohol and drug 9 dependence are twice as common in persons with a psychotic disorder. Amongst people with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, 47% had a substance abuse or dependence disorder. Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were also three times more likely to be alcohol abusers and six times more likely to abuse other 10 substances as compared to those without schizophrenia. It also estimated that even after adjusting for baseline psychopathology and socio-demographic variables a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence predicted an eight-fold increased risk of reporting at least one psychotic symp to m in the follow-up period. Rates of cigarette 10 smoking among people with schizophrenia were between 70 and 88%. The studies that have focused specifically on psychotic disorders (including 12 schizophrenia) also have found high co-morbidity of psychotic disorders and substance use disorders. In an epidemiologically representative British sample of patients 13 with first episode psychosis Barnett et al. Cannabis and alcohol were the most frequently abused substances with 38% reporting polysubstance abuse. The prevalence of substance use disorders was comparable in both groups with men having greater prevalence than women. Younger age group was associated with use of illicit drugs whereas lower educational 15 attainment was associated with cannabis use. The most prevalent substances were alcohol and cannabis, in keeping with several previous observations. Another study found substance use disorders apart from to bacco to be 22 present in less than 20% of the sample of patients with psychotic disorders. A study by Basu et al found that psychotic disorders were present in about 3% of patients treated for substance use disorders in a de-addiction centre. Another study found that psychotic 19 disorders was present in about 2% of patients being treated for alcohol use disorder. The course of the psychotic disorder had been reported not to be associated with 20 substance use in a previous study from India. The varied findings observed across these studies are, in part, reflection of the different settings across which these studies have been carried. Additionally, the study criteria, diagnostic paradigms used and sample selection were also different across these studies. There is a need for representative community based epidemiological studies to ascertain the rates of co-morbid substance use disorders and psychotic disorders in the country. On the other hand, impaired psychological status may also contribute to relapse or an increase in substance use. Substance abuse is associated with a wide range of deleterious effects in persons with a psychotic disorder. Thus, appropriate recognition and management of dual diagnosis is of paramount importance. First, the motivation of patients with substance use disorders and 23 psychotic disorders may be low. This has been attributed to the perceived benefits as a consequence of substance use including relaxation, elevation of mood, and countering 24,25 dysphoria in some of the previous studies. Second, engagement in to the treatment process might be difficult on the account of paranoia to wards treatment services, and fear of forced detention and coercive treatment. Also, patients with dual diagnosis that includes psychosis may have poor insight in to their illness or may not regard the substance use as a problem. Additionally, stigma associated with both the disorders may 26 deter the patients from utilizing the available services. The risk of suicide, violence and the presence of medical co-morbidities may be higher among patients with dual 22,27,28,29 diagnosis as compared to the patients with the either of the two disorders. The risk 30 of therapeutic non-adherence is high, and so is the chance of occurrence of social 31 problems like homelessness and social isolation. However, the clinicians should keep in mind the specific characteristics of the patients and the treatment setting before applying these guidelines to individual patient. In other words, some degree of fine tuning or individualization may be needed on a case to case basis. Finally, the treating clinician must take in to consideration the more recent evidence that would have accumulated since writing of these guidelines. These guidelines are meant for application by qualified and trained clinicians in de addiction centers and general hospital treatment settings, though it may be applicable in other settings as well. The guidelines mainly focus on management, although some relevant discussion on assessment is also included. The psychotic disorders shall include different non-affective psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. Of these, 39 were clinical trials, 11 were randomized trials, and 2 were meta analysis. Only English language peer-reviewed articles were included for the preparation of the guidelines. The treatment recommendations have been made in accordance with the quality of evidence. The strength of recommendation was based on the study design and other merits of the publication (table 1). The current section presents only the salient aspects relevant to the patient with psychotic dual diagnosis. The assessment of patients with psychotic dual diagnosis patients encompasses both substance use and psychiatric disorder related issues. Prioritizing treatment strategies based on the relative urgency of various issues and needs has to be carefully undertaken. It is also influenced by the preference and expertise of the treating psychiatrist. The psychotic symp to ms may resemble those of an acute psychotic episode to one of a more chronic psychosis with variable affective content. Moreover, the severity and quality of the substance use disorder also varies across patients. A simple way of prioritizing the various aspects of patient care in a case of psychotic 35 dual diagnosis is based on Ries typology for dual diagnosis. This approach shall entail consideration of all symp to ms and clinical needs under two heads – substance use related and psychotic disorder related. Each of these categories is then considered as being high priority and low priority, yielding four possibilities. This approach although simple, provides valuable 1 guidance on prioritizing the various clinical needs of the patient. A rather unique problem faced in treating psychotic dual diagnosis patients is their lesser engagement in 39 treatment and low motivation to reduce substance use. Presence of acute psychotic symp to ms and impaired judgment result in lower levels of motivation to reduce substance use which in turn can destabilize the psychotic symp to ms. This can initiate a vicious feed-forward cycle were psychotic disorders and accompanying substance use fuel each other and hamper improvement. Motivation enhancement and efforts to retain the patient in the treatment facility thus assume significant importance in this group of patients. Long term treatment goals are maintenance of abstinence, relapse prevention, control of features of psychotic disorders and socio-occupational rehabilitation. This, in turn, could be located in an exclusive de-addiction facility, a general psychiatric © Indian Psychiatric Society 2016 277 Newer and Emerging Addictions in India care facility or a specialized dual diagnosis treatment setting. The decision about treatment setting needs to take care in to account various fac to rs. Initial assessments are carried out with an aim to reach at a working (definitive/ provisional or tentative) diagnosis and formulate a management plan. The subsequent assessments are made to confirm the diagnosis (if not definitive), fill in the gaps in information, carry out specialized assessment (as family dynamics etc.
Several mental health professionals evaluated Nesler and erectile dysfunction quiz purchase 60 caps vigrx plus fast delivery, although their diagnoses varied erectile dysfunction disorder order line vigrx plus, one included brief reactive psychosis and another posttraumatic stress disorder erectile dysfunction psychological causes treatment cheap vigrx plus uk. The prosecution argued that Nesler did not act like an insane person and should be found guilty of the crime erectile dysfunction pre diabetes buy cheap vigrx plus 60caps. She admitted that she wanted to see if Driver would be remorseful before shooting him. She wanted to see if he would “cop a plea” (accept a level of guilt for his actions rather than plead not guilty). She checked to see if a deputy whom she had befriended would get in trouble if Driver was killed. She made sure no children were present in the courtroom so they would not witness the shooting. Several mental health professionals with credentials equal to the defense’s evaluated Nesler and argued that she had the ability to distinguish right from wrong. Consider all the information presented here and decide individually, Was Ellie Nesler insane at the time she shot Daniel Driverfi Next, individually, check for each test of insanity on the next page whether Nesler was guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity. See if, like real juries, you can come to a consensus on Nesler’s guilt or insanity. Be prepared to report your group’s decision and its rationale to the rest of the class. This film shows the effects of labeling on a newly discharged mental patient and his efforts to overcome community stigmatization. This film from the mid-1960s depicts the dream of deinstitutionalization: community facilities available to all mental patients. Offers an interesting counterpoint to current concerns about unsupported chronically mentally ill patients. This video describes the problems of people with chronic mental illness who have neither hospital nor community resources available. Documentary film that shows the community mental health services offered in Harlem as an extension of Lincoln Hospital. Follows four psychiatric patients from the time they are admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital and for several years afterward. The s to ry of a man incarcerated and forgotten in a mental health institution for sixty-six years. Blevins, Vice Chair General Assembly Building Richmond, Virginia 23219-0406 April 15, 2013 Dear Fellow Citizen of the Commonwealth: th It is my pleasure as Chair of the General Assembly’s Commission on Youth to present the 5 Edition of the Collection of Evidence-based Practices for Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Treatment Needs. The Collection summarizes current research on those mental health treatments that have been proven to be effective in treating children and adolescents. The Collection is intended to serve a broad readership: educa to rs, service providers, parents, caregivers, and others seeking information on evidence-based mental health practices for youth. The resulting publication entitled Collection of Evidence based Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Treatment Needs was compiled by the Commission on Youth with the assistance of an advisory group of experts pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 99. The Collection was published in House Document 9 and presented to the Governor and the 2003 General Assembly. To ensure that this information remained current and reached the intended audience, the 2003 General Assembly passed Senate Joint Resolution 358, which required the Commission to update the Collection biennially. The resolution also required the Commission to disseminate the Collection via web technologies. The Secretaries of Health and Human Resources, Public Safety and Education, along with the Advisory Group, were requested to assist the Commission in updating the Collection, as were various state and local agencies. Since 2003, the Commission has updated this resource and made it available through the Commission on Youth website and in print editions. The Commission on Youth gratefully acknowledges the contributions of its Advisory Group members and the General Assembly’s Division of Legislative Au to mated Systems for its assistance. For more information about the Virginia Commission on Youth or the Collection, I encourage you to visit our website at vcoy. If you require such advice or counsel, you should seek the services of a licensed mental health provider, physician, or other medical professional. The Commission on Youth is not rendering professional advice and makes no representations regarding the suitability of the information contained herein for any purpose. It is now well recognized that these disorders are not just a stage of childhood or adolescence, but are a result of genetic, developmental, and physiological fac to rs. The development of treatments, services, and methods for preventing mental health disorders in children and adolescents has also evolved over the past several decades. These include physical problems, intellectual disability, low birth weight, family his to ry of mental and addictive disorders, multigenerational poverty, and caregiver separation or abuse and neglect (U. Risk fac to rs and causal influences for mental health disorders in youth vary, depending on the specific disorder. Child and adolescent mental health has emerged as a distinct arena for service delivery, drawing on the philosophies and practices that characterize other childhood fields, such as early intervention (Woodruff et al. With the increased attention given to children’s mental health and the development of systems of care for children with serious emotional disorders and their families in the last two decades, mental health has emerged as a new focus in the field of early childhood (Woodruff et al. Family members, practitioners, and researchers have become increasingly aware that mental health services are an important and necessary support for youth who experience mental, emotional, or behavioral challenges and their families. The Center for Mental Health Services estimates that 11 percent of children in the United States have at least one significant mental health disorder accompanied by impairment in home, school or peer contexts (U. In addition, this study noted that a mental health disorder left untreated could lead to a more severe, more difficult- to -treat illness and to the development of co-occurring mental health disorders. There has been little research to measure the financial burden of mental health disorders in children and adolescents. However, a team of researchers analyzed various data sources to locate information on the utilization and costs associated with mental health disorders in youth. This review was conducted using data from 1998, with focus on youth up to 17 years of age. It was estimated that the direct costs for the treatment of child mental health problems, both emotional and behavioral, were approximately $11. This study pointed to two of many reasons why national health expenditures for child and adolescent mental disorders are difficult to estimate, including: 1. Child and adolescent preventive interventions have the potential to significantly reduce the economic burden of mental health disorders by reducing the need for mental health and related services. Further, such interventions can result in improvements in school readiness, health status, and academic achievement and reductions in the need for special education services (National Institute for Health Care Management, 2005). These interventions also translate in to societal savings by lessening parents’ dependence on welfare and by increasing educational attainment and economic productivity (National Institute for Health Care Management). The term “serious emotional disturbance” is used in a variety of federal statutes in reference to a diagnosable mental health problem which severely disrupts a youth’s ability to function socially, academically, and emotionally. In addition, 73,890 Virginians (age six and older) have intellectual disability and 18,427 infants, to ddlers, and young children (birth to age 5) have developmental delays requiring early intervention services. Providing Optimal Treatment the acknowledgment of mental health needs in youth has prompted further study on a variety of disorders and their causes, prevention, and treatments. Child and adolescent mental health represents a major federal public health priority, as reflected in the U. The report outlines the following three steps which must be taken to improve services for children with mental health needs: 1. Untreated childhood mental health disorders may also be precursors of school failure, involvement in the juvenile justice system, and/or placement outside of the home. Other serious outcomes include destructive, ambiguous, or dangerous behaviors, in addition to mounting parental frustration. Identifying a child’s serious emotional disturbance early and ensuring that the child receives appropriate care can break the cycle (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). Identifying and Encouraging the Use of Evidence-based Treatments There have been more than two decades of research in treating children and adolescents’ mental health disorders. However, there are challenges to helping families and clinicians select the best treatments. The field of child and adolescent mental health is multi-disciplinary, with a diverse service system. Today there are a multitude of theories about which treatments work best, making it is very difficult for service providers to make informed choices. Scientific evidence can serve as a guide for families, clinicians, and other mental health decision-makers.
Jenkins asserted that special interest groups such as gay rights and feminists have targeted the Catholic Church because of its doctrine erectile dysfunction nitric oxide purchase vigrx plus master card. While social ideas concerning women’s rights have changed erectile dysfunction ginseng order 60caps vigrx plus overnight delivery, the Catholic Church has remained adamant in its views concerning divorce impotence icd 9 purchase vigrx plus 60caps without prescription, abortion best male erectile dysfunction pills over the counter buy vigrx plus on line, contraception, women’s ordination, homosexuality, and celibacy. These special interest groups shifted the attention from the individual priests to the hypocrisy of the Church and its hierarchy. Thus, the Catholic Church provided these groups with a platform from which they can voice their opinions. Chapter 8 of this book, entitled “Priests and Children,” discusses pedophilia in the Church based upon the author’s experiences as a clinician. In a study, the author found that 2% of Catholic priests could be considered pedophiles, which supports earlier research findings. In addition to 73 that figure, 4% of priests are sexually preoccupied with adolescent boys or girls during at least one point in their lives. Sipe described the behavior as being either occasional, compulsive, or developmental. When the incident occurs in a developmental sense, the priest acts out once with a child as part of his own developmental experimentation, which has been stunted in some way. Homosexual and heterosexual offenses are evenly distributed, but Sipe contends that the homosexual contact is four times more likely to come to the public’s attention. Sipe also asserted that these pedophiles have an attraction to children prior to ordination, but rarely act out extensively prior to entering the priesthood. The chapter also includes a discussion of the legal ramifications of sexual abuse and contends that it is unclear as to who should be held accountable for the misconduct. He notes that at the time of this book’s publication, the Church had avoided addressing the sexuality of the clergy and that this in turn has hindered moral development. In addressing the psychological evaluation of sexually offending clergy, Sipe stresses that the following questions must be asked: Is the behavior homosexual or heterosexual; is it compulsive; is it an isolated incident or part of a pattern; and is it fixated or regressedfi In discussing the theories of pedophilia, it is noted that a large number of sexually abusive clerics had been victimized as youths. While this is not applicable in every case, sexual victimization as a child may lead the individual to seek refuge in the clergy as a way of denying the reality of life. Sipe contends that the experience of celibacy interacts with these past traumas and can either enhance the memory or stunt the priest’s psychosexual development at a preadolescent/adolescent stage, which leads to sexual misconduct. Victim access is discussed and the avenues that may be pursued include selection from schools, altar boys, family, friends, and the congregation. In addition to displaying pedophiliac behavior and cognitive dis to rtions, these priests also demonstrated exhibitionistic behavior that was directly linked to their level of psychosexual development (the more immature they are, the more likely they are to engage in this behavior). The effects of sexual abuse on the victims vary, but the impact is long lasting and may result in sexual depersonalization, depression, sexually acting out, and suicide. When a child has been victimized by a priest, the impact of the abuse effects how the child perceives God, the Church, and the clergy. The abuse also raises the question as to how these institutions will view the victim. This chapter also provides a brief overview of the various therapeutic measures used to treat sexually offending clerics including psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, surgery, and medication. In discussing the reasons why the Church has not openly discussed the issue of sexually abusive priests, Sipe contends that it is because there is a lack of information on pedophilia. This lack of information is intertwined with the Church’s system of secrecy concerning sexual matters. The Church managed sexual abuse through the reassignnment of priests, sending them on a retreat to repent for their sins, or sending them to a psychiatric institution run by the Church. These measures show a lack of understanding concerning pedophilia and a desire to keep the scandal a secret. In discussing the future of the Catholic Church, Sipe asserted that there are four fac to rs that will continue to affect the problem of pedophilia in the Church. These fac to rs are as follows: the lack of education concerning sexuality and celibacy creates a situation in which adolescence is prolonged/postponed and celibacy becomes a way of hiding from one’s problems; the structure of the Church and the seminary to lerates and sometimes encourages sexual regression and fixation; the emphasis upon secrecy hinders accountability; and the lack of sexual education in the Church fosters defenses such as denial, rationalization, and splitting. While little has been revealed concerning sexual abuse within the Jewish faith, the Awareness Center is a victim’s rights organization for survivors of sexual abuse. A database search of major newspapers illustrates that between 1970 and 2003, 22 incidents have been discussed in various articles. The majority of the cases fit Boyle’s findings in that the perpetra to rs used various grooming tactics in order to coerce the child in to sexual acts. The number of known victims for each offender ranged from one to 20, with some victims not coming forward until adulthood. In many cases, the Scoutmaster knew the child’s parents and the offenses ranged from inappropriate to uching to intercourse. While the majority of the information presented in these articles is scarce, the information indicated that some of the perpetra to rs also worked as teachers and Catholic priests. In a five-part series, journalist Patrick Boyle explored the prevalence of sexual abuse in scouting through evaluating the confidential files of the organization in 1991. The results of his investigation are also included in his 1994 book, Scout’s Honor: Sexual Abuse in America’s Most Trusted Institution. Between the period of 1971 to 1989, 416 male Scout employees were banned as a result of sexual misconduct. Boyle argued that sexual abuse is more common in scouting than accidental deaths or serious injuries combined. During this time, the Scouts claimed that the sexual abuse was not a major crisis. Boyle found that Scoutmasters perpetrated the majority of the abuse, but assistant Scoutmasters, of which there are about 147,000, were also responsible. All of the victims appeared to come from the Boy Scouts, who range in age from 11 to 17 and numbered 959,000 at the time of this article’s publication. The four other parts in this series that were reported during the week of 5/20/91 to 5/24/91 focused on various to pics through case study illustration. The s to ries illustrated how the organization let known child molesters slip through the system and how the information was covered up in a manner that would protect the image of the Boy Scouts. Boyle also discusses the impact of the abuse on the boys through individual narratives. While the information in the confidential files is limited, the effects of the abuse on the children are unknown. However, Boyle asserts that out of the 400 abuse cases he investigated, four Scouts attempted suicide and at least three leaders who were charged with abuse also made suicide attempts. When a Scoutmaster was reported to local Scout officials, they oftentimes made deals in order to ensure that the scandal would remain a secret. What the Scouts did not realize is that the offenders were moving away and joining new troops where they continued to offend. Even those offenders who were reported to the Scouts’ National Headquarters managed to evade the system and continued to act as Scoutmasters. As public awareness concerning the abuse grew, the Boy Scouts realized the need to combat this problem. Boyle claims that the organization has paid at least fifteen million dollars in order to settle cases out of court, with payments ranging from $12,000 to $1. In cooperation with experts in the field of sexual abuse, the Scouts have developed an extensive training program, which is meant to raise the awareness of both children and Scoutmasters. It has recently become a requirement that all employees must pass a background check in order to work for the Boy Scouts. They have also instituted policies prohibiting homosexual scout leaders, which have come under the scrutiny of various civil rights organizations. Boyle argued that for the most part, scouting leaders have tried to protect boys by excluding homosexuals. However, a review of the organization’s confidential files revealed that out of 200 cases, 64 offenders were married/engaged and 18 were divorced. Some of the offenders were involved with the victim’s mother at the time of the abuse. Many scout leaders also professed that they had no clear reason to believe that these offenders were homosexual.
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